Arctium lappa, commonly called greater burdock, gobō (牛蒡/ゴボウ), edible burdock, lappa, beggar's buttons, thorny burr, or happy major is a Eurasian species of plants in the Aster family, cultivated in gardens for its root used as a vegetable. It has become an invasive weed of high-nitrogen soils in North America, Australia, and other regions.

Greater burdock is a biennial plant, rather tall, reaching as much as 3 m (10 ft). It has large, alternating, cordiform leaves that have a long petiole and are ...

arctium lappa

_-1_0

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

_-1_1

_-1_2

The cardiovascular system is one of the most important in the human body. If we think about what are the most life-threatening conditions and how first aid is provided to a severely injured person, we will necessarily come to this conclusion.

_-1_3

But cardiac arrest is not the only thing that can befall us. It is extremely important that we keep our circulatory system in order&nbsp;to have a good quality of life and good overall&nbsp;health.

_-1_4

In this article, we will talk about 3 of the diseases of the heart, for which there are herbs with a beneficial effect, proven by science: arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure.:

_-1_5

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Arrhythmia (saffron, ginger, lemon balm, etc.)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Atherosclerosis (tribulus terrestris, red sage, black cumin, etc.)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High blood pressure, hypertension (garlic, saffron, green tea, etc.)</li>
</ul>

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia_0_0

In general, arrhythmia consists of an abnormal heart rhythm - irregular, too fast, or too slow, and the cause of it can be both severe conditions, such as a vice of the heart or heart attack, and excessive emotional tension or alcohol abuse.

Arrhythmia_0_1

There are a&nbsp;few herbs [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/a_review_on_plants_and_herbal_components_with_antiarrhythmic_activities_and_their_interaction_with_current_cardiac_drugs_32670823" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>] and supplements that could help us against arrhythmia.

Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)

Saffron (Crocus sativus)

Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)_0_0

Various studies have shown that saffron (saffron crocus) has a positive effect against arrhythmia, and it is considered that this is probably due to its ability to inhibit calcium channels in the cell.

Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)_0_1

Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)_0_0

In traditional Chinese medicine, ginger enters the composition of a decoction with cardioprotective properties. In several studies, an effect of ginger against the occurrence of arrhythmia has also been demonstrated. [<a href="https://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2016_7(1)/[139].pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Lemon-balm-(Melissa-officinalis)

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

Lemon-balm-(Melissa-officinalis)_0_0

According to some studies, lemon balm has a cardioprotective effect and can serve as an anti-arrhythmia agent.

Other-herbs

Other herbs

Other-herbs_0_0

Antiarrhythmic effect has also been established in the following medicinal plants:

Other-herbs_0_1

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Garlic (Allium sativum);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Magnolia officinalis;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Burdock (Arctium lappa);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Grapes (Vitis sp.)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Green tea (Camellia sinensis) and others [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/a_review_on_plants_and_herbal_components_with_antiarrhythmic_activities_and_their_interaction_with_current_cardiac_drugs_32670823" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].</li>
</ul>

Other-herbs_0_2

Vitamins,-minerals,-arrhythmia-supplements

Vitamins, minerals, arrhythmia supplements

Vitamins,-minerals,-arrhythmia-supplements_0_0

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Omega-3 fatty acids (derived mainly from oily fish);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Vitamin C;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Magnesium and potassium.</li>
</ul>

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis_1_0

Atherosclerosis is a disease that depends on many factors and is nevertheless the main causative agent of death and severe damage since it affects the blood vessels of the most important organs - the heart and the brain.

Atherosclerosis_1_1

Essentially, it is the deposition of plaques&nbsp;inside the blood vessels, which hardens them and creates prerequisites for the formation of thrombi, which clog the vessels, and this can lead to heart attack, stroke, gangrene of limbs, and other severe conditions. Inflammation is a major participant in the process.

Atherosclerosis_1_2

The beneficial effect of some herbs against atherosclerosis is based on several different mechanisms:

Atherosclerosis_1_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lowering the levels of lipids in the blood;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Suppression of migration and clustering of monocytes under the layer of cells covering the inside of blood vessels;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Anti-inflammatory properties;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Antioxidant properties;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Suppression of infiltration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Suppression of plaque formation.</li>
</ul>

Atherosclerosis_1_4

Atherosclerosis_1_5

Here we take a look at some of the medicinal plants that possess one or more of these properties. The information is taken from the scientific article of 2019 "Medicinal Herbs Effective Against Atherosclerosis: Classification According to Mechanism of Action". [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Medicinal_Herbs_Effective_Against_Atherosclerosis_Classification_According_to_Mechanism_of_Action_30917628" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Danschen-or-red-sage-(Salvia-miltiorrhiza)

Danschen or red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza)

Danschen-or-red-sage-(Salvia-miltiorrhiza)_1_0

Dried roots of red sage are used in Eastern traditional medicine for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.

Danschen-or-red-sage-(Salvia-miltiorrhiza)_1_1

The beneficial effect of the herb is due to its ability to lower lipid levels in the blood, to suppress the accumulation of monocytes under the endothelial in blood vessels, its anti-inflammatory properties, to inhibit plaque formation, infiltration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and its antioxidant effects.

Danschen-or-red-sage-(Salvia-miltiorrhiza)_1_2

Therefore, it can be said that danschen is the most suitable herb for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Basil-(Ocimum-basilicum)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Basil-(Ocimum-basilicum)_1_0

Aqueous basil extract lowers LDL-cholesterol levels, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, raises the level of HDL-cholesterol, and has antioxidant effects - properties that work against atherosclerosis.

Basil-(Ocimum-basilicum)_1_1

St.-John's-wort-(Hypericum-perforatum)

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

St.-John's-wort-(Hypericum-perforatum)_1_0

Flavonoid-rich St. John's wort extract lowers serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL, temporarily increasing the level of HDL. In addition, it also has antioxidant properties.

Tribulus-terrestris

Tribulus terrestris

Tribulus-terrestris_1_0

Tribulus Terrestris is a known herb in Europe, the extract of which has the property to lower the level of lipids in the blood - lowers LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Black-cumin-(Nigella-sativa)

Black cumin (Nigella sativa)

Black-cumin-(Nigella-sativa)_1_0

Black cumin seed oil lowers triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL levels and increases HDL levels, which inhibits plaque formation in blood vessels. It also has antioxidant properties.

Black-cumin-(Nigella-sativa)_1_1

Heal-all-(Prunella-vulgaris)

Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris)

Heal-all-(Prunella-vulgaris)_1_0

The herb is also called common self-heal,&nbsp;heart-of-the-earth, woundwort, carpenter's herb, brownwort, and blue curls. The spirit extract from an ordinary heal-all inhibits the attachment of cells monocytes and has an anti-inflammatory effect. These properties help in the fight against atherosclerosis.

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa)_1_0

With regard to atherosclerosis, turmeric has similar properties to that of the common heal-all.

High-blood-pressure-(hypertension)

High blood pressure (hypertension)

High-blood-pressure-(hypertension)_2_0

In hypertension, a persistent increase in pressure in&nbsp;blood vessels is observed, which severely burdens the heart and leads to damage in the long term.

High-blood-pressure-(hypertension)_2_1

An unhealthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for high blood pressure- alcohol, cigarettes, unhealthy eating, lack of physical activity, excessive salt consumption. Hypertension in itself can be a symptom of serious diseases of the cardiovascular system.

High-blood-pressure-(hypertension)_2_2

High-blood-pressure-(hypertension)_2_3

Herbs that come to the rescue in hypertension have several mechanisms of action - they affect the smooth musculature and endothelium of blood vessels, free radicals (reactive oxygen species, ROS), and suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319878701_Herbs_Used_for_the_Treatment_of_Hypertension_and_their_Mechanism_of_Action" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)_2_0

Garlic is used by folk medicine to lower lipids in the blood and blood pressure. The benefits of this use are also established by science and are believed to be mainly due to alicin and biologically active sulfur compounds in garlic. The only contraindication is the intake of anticoagulants (anti-blood clotting drugs) since in combination with them garlic can intensify bleeding too much.

Green-and-black-tea-(Camellia-sinensis)

Green and black tea (Camellia sinensis)

Green-and-black-tea-(Camellia-sinensis)_2_0

It has been found that the long-term daily use (6 months) of black or green tea lowers blood pressure,&nbsp;with the effect of green tea is greater. This is probably due to flavonoids called catechins, which are contained in tea and lead to the expansion of blood vessels, and therefore - a decrease in pressure in them.

Green-and-black-tea-(Camellia-sinensis)_2_1

Green tea: 9 unexpected health benefits and how to prepare it

Beetroot-(Beta-vulgaris)

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris)

Beetroot-(Beta-vulgaris)_2_0

Beet juice has been successfully used to lower blood pressure in several studies in volunteers suffering from hypertension.

Beetroot-(Beta-vulgaris)_2_1

Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)_2_0

Saffron has been used for medicinal purposes, including hypertension, for at least 4,000 years. It contains several substances typical of the plant, as well as flavonoids and anthocyanins - all of which have a vasodilating effect. The positive effect of saffron on high blood pressure has also&nbsp;been confirmed by several studies among volunteers.

Black-cumin-(Nigella-sativa)_2_0

Black cumin oil also has a blood pressure-lowering effect, in addition to lowering lipid levels in the blood. The substance thymoquinone has a vasodilating effect.

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)_2_0

Carcade is the name of the tea from the roselle plant. It has a blood pressure-lowering effect, which is more pronounced in people with higher blood pressure. The effect has been confirmed by several studies in animals and humans.

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)_2_1

Other medicinal plants with a hypotensive effect are ginseng (Panax sp.) and danschen or red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza).

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)_2_2

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)_2_3

Herbs have the potential to serve as a prophylactic or concomitant treatment. Of course, it should be considered that some of them may interact with the drugs we already take, and therefore consultation with our attending physician is needed to choose the most appropriate medicinal plant for our case and our disease.

Roselle-(Hibiscus-sabdariffa)_2_4

In the next article, in continuation, we will also look at other diseases of the cardiovascular system and herbs, proven to have positive effects on our health and help longevity.

Herbs for a healthy heart. Part 1

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/bcfbf99c-2890-4914-ab9f-567f35ec2224_middle.jpg

 Herbs for a healthy heart. Part 1

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular biology and Microbiology

Unfortunately, statistics show that breast cancer ranks second among cancers leading to death in the fair sex. Early diagnosis is the main method of prevention. It is an important factor in the successful treatment of cancer. Fortunately, in recent years it has become clear that scientists are trying to develop vaccines against the insidious disease.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer

Risk factors and causes for breast cancer

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_0

The risk factors and causes that can lead to the development of breast cancer are many, and their action occurs with the simultaneous presence of several of them. It should be noted that <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">genetic predisposition</a> is a key factor. Preventive examinations are mandatory, especially in families where there has been such a problem.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_1

<ul>
<li>
<h3>Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_2

Scientists pay great attention to the <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Breast_and_ovarian_cancer_risks_due_to_inherited_mutations_in_BRCA1_and_BRCA2_14576434" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes </a> [ref.1] which in a normal state prevent the uncontrollable growth of cells and their modification into cancer cells. The appearance of <a href="/p/mutatsii_srieshchu_iestiestvien_podbor_e4a316a0_b5fd_4a51_8dc0_12a14405f8f2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">mutations</a> in these genes may interfere with the performance of their protective functions. Fortunately, some women with such mutations never develop breast cancer. Therefore, testing for such genetic changes is not part of routine screening. It is performed only at the decision of the doctor for a specific reason.<a href="/p/mutatsii_srieshchu_iestiestvien_podbor_e4a316a0_b5fd_4a51_8dc0_12a14405f8f2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_3

<ul>
<li>
<h3>The link of breast cancer to ovarian cancer</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_4

Numerous studies have <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Integrated_genomic_analyses_of_ovarian_carcinoma_21720365" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> proven that mutations in these genes are associated with the development of cancer not only of the breast, but also of the ovaries [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Integrated_genomic_analyses_of_ovarian_carcinoma_21720365" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]. Because the mutated genes are hereditary, rather than spontaneously occurring, women who have suffered from an ovarian tumor caused by a mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are at increased risk of developing breast cancer as well.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_5

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
<h3>Breast cancer likelihood is reduced by having more children and longer breastfeeding</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_6

In developing countries, more children are born, and breastfeeding periods for a woman on average are longer. According to The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, if women from developed societies follow this example, morbidity will drop from 6.3 to 2.7 women per 100&nbsp;[<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278356172_Breast_cancer_and_breastfeeding_Collaborative_reanalysis_of_individual_data_from_47_epidemiological_studies_in_30_countries_including_50_302_women_with_breast_cancer_and_96_973_women_without_the_disea" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]. Of course, childbirth cannot be a method for cancer prevention, but the benefits of breastfeeding are great for both the baby and the mother.

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_7

<ul>
<li>
<h3>Oestrogen</h3>
</li>
</ul>

Risk-factors-and-causes-for-breast-cancer_0_8

There is growing evidence that the female sex hormone estrogen is related to breast cancer [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Estrogen_metabolism_and_breast_cancer_24784887" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]. The disease has three main subtypes: triple negative, HER2-positive and hormone-receptor positive (estrogen- and progesterone-receptor-positive). Two-thirds of all breast tumors are estrogen-receptor positive (ER+), which means that there are estrogen receptors on the surface of tumor cells and they respond to the hormone circulating in the blood.

Other-probable-causes-and-factors:

Other probable causes and factors:

Other-probable-causes-and-factors:_0_0

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Too early onset of menstruation (11-12 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Late menopause (after 55 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Late first pregnancy (after 35 years);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Short periods or complete lack of breastfeeding;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">A smaller number of pregnancies;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Abortions;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Obesity;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Alcohol (more than 1-2 cups per day);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Lack of physical activity;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21225" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hormone replacement therapy</a> [ref. 5];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Age: two-thirds of those who fall ill are over the age of 55.</li>
</ul>

Breast-cancer-prevention

Breast cancer prevention

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_0

The main way to prevent breast cancer is to conduct regular preventive examinations [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Risk_determination_and_prevention_of_breast_cancer_25467785" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]. This includes annual visits to a specialist mammologist, who uses an ultrasound in younger women who have no complaints or a family history, and a mammogram after the age of 35. For women who have close relatives with breast cancer, it is recommended to start mammography examinations after the age of 30.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_1

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_2

The mammogram uses weak X-ray radiation and is used both for the prevention and diagnosis of breast cancer. It detects dangerous formations at a very early stage, when they are not large enough to get a hand - the so-called palpation. It takes two years for the formation to grow before it can be palpated.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_3

In addition to prophylactic examinations, each woman should pay attention to whether there are changes in her breasts herself. It is good to watch for symptoms such as lumps, including under the arms, leakage of secretions from one breast, changes in the appearance of the nipple or skin. The disease is insidious and lumps are usually not painful and can go unnoticed on their own inspection. Therefore, examination by a doctor is the best prophylaxis.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_4

Lifestyle is also relevant for the prevention of breast cancer - a factor that is most often overlooked. Alcohol and obesity increase the risk of developing the disease. The best treatment is prevention. It is therefore worth making an effort before it is too late - limiting harmful habits, sport and good physical shape can make a significant contribution to reducing the risk of developing breast cancer. According to a 2010 study [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/16_The_fraction_of_cancer_attributable_to_lifestyle_and_environmental_factors_in_the_UK_in_2010_22158327" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.7</a>], 26.8% of all cases of the disease in the UK are related to lifestyle and environmental factors.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_5

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_6

In women who <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prophylactic_mastectomy_for_the_prevention_of_breast_cancer_21069671" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> are at very high risk of developing the disease, extreme measures such as mastectomy [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prophylactic_mastectomy_for_the_prevention_of_breast_cancer_21069671" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.8</a>] can also be taken - preventive removal of breasts. Angelina Jolie is one of the examples of a woman at high risk of the disease who has taken this bold step. But understandably, this procedure can have a very negative psychological and emotional impact and should not be applied to women for whom there is no definite concerns.

Breast-cancer-prevention_1_7

Also in women at high risk of breast cancer, chemoprevention [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Breast_cancer_chemoprevention_old_and_new_approaches_22851887" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.9</a>] can also be administered. Chemoprevention should not be confused with chemotherapy. This is the use of drugs that block estrogen receptors or lower the amount of estrogen in certain tissues. Such therapy can be prescribed only by a doctor, taking into account the risk of breast cancer in a particular woman, as well as the side effects of drugs.

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer

Herbs that may help in the treatment of breast cancer

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_0

There are herbs and medicinal plants that seem to have some potential to support the treatment of breast cancer. They do not treat it on their own, but under medical supervision can have a beneficial effect on the patient's condition.

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_1

Such plants and herbs are [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4881189/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 15</a>]:

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Eastern purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) - flavonoids act as an immunostimulant and are present in the echinacea. They promote the activity of lymphocytes, increase phagocytosys in macrophages and the action of NK-cells, and also <a href="../p/liechiebni_rastieniia_koito_obliekchavat_mchitielnitie_stranichni_iefiekti_ot_khimio_i_lchietierapiiata_0e97f0c5_6473_4c0a_bfd5_233383967f22" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reduce the harmful effects of radiation therapy</a> and chemotherapy. Flavonoids can help prolong the life of patients with progressive stage of cancer. 
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Garlic (Allium sativum) - the anticancer activity of garlic is probably due to the large amount of organic sulphides and polysulfides, the strengthening of immune defenses (the number of suppressor T cells increases and turns lymphocytes into a form that kills cancer cells), etc. It is believed that garlic can relieve chemotherapy and radiation therapy sife effects.
</li>
</ul>

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_3

Herbs-that-may-help-in-the-treatment-of-breast-cancer_2_4

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) - curcumin, the active ingredient of turmeric, is present in its rhizome and base. Curcumin is known to have anti-cancer action due to its phenolic substances. Мultiplication of cancer cells in the lungs, breast, skin and stomach is also limited by curcumin. It also increases the body's natural <a href="../p/kakvi_sa_polzitie_ot_antioksidantitie_za_zdravieto_i_koi_khrani_sa_nai_boghati_na_tiakh_0376155d_ea0c_4218_8ed2_114aed9f37c5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">antioxidant</a> activity.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Burdock (Arctium lappa) - it stimulates the action of macrophages, restricts the multiplication of cancer cells and has immunomodulating properties.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) - the active substances of ginseng reduce or block the tumor necrotizing factor in the skin of mice, block the multiplication and metastases of cancer cells, stimulate the differentiation of cells and affect the level of interferon. Ginseng is most active in the form of extract and dried powder to prevent the onset of cancer.
</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Flaxseed, vitamin D, green tea and plants rich in carotenoids.</li>
</ul>

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer

Is there a vaccine against breast cancer

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer_3_0

At the beginning of October 2019, immunologist Dr. Keith Кnutson [<a href="https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/knutson-keith-l-ph-d/bio-00026672" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 10</a>] from Mayo Clinic announced that a breast cancer vaccine is expected to be available within 8 years. It will be a product of the hard work of his team. The vaccine will be used both in prevention and as a concomitant treatment of cancer.

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer_3_1

Dr. Кnutson says that immunologists at the clinic are ready with two vaccines - against triple negative breast cancer and against HER2-positive cancer, and one against ductal carcinoma in situ is currently being developed.

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer_3_2

In his words [<a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinseatonjefferson/2019/10/11/mayo-breast-cancer-vaccine-could-be-available-in-less-than-a-decade/#3792acca27c7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.11</a>], these vaccines are effective and have no side effects, but before they are placed on the market, large-scale clinical studies need to be conducted to prove this to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Is-there-a-vaccine-against-breast-cancer_3_3

Clinical-trials

Clinical trials

Clinical-trials_4_0

It should be considered that when it is claimed that a drug is ready, it does not always mean that it has been put into use. Before it reaches the patients that need it, each medicine is subjected to a clinical trial. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> It involves several phases [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phases" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 12</a>] and takes years. Usually the first phase involves a small number of people (20-80) and aims to establish the safety of the substance, dosage and side effects.

Clinical-trials_4_1

In the second phase of the trial, 100-300 volunteers take part, establishing the efficacy of the drug. Phase 3 includes several thousand people - efficacy, effectiveness, safety are confirmed and compared to pre-existing therapies.

Clinical-trials_4_2

Of course, clinical trials are extremely expensive - typically Phase 2 costs between $12 million and $20 million, and Phase 3, in which the largest number of people participate, can cost double that.

arctium lappa

Breast cancer - prevention, causes, vaccine, herbal and conventional treatment