Arthralgia (from Greek arthro-, joint + -algos, pain) literally means joint pain. Specifically, arthralgia is a symptom of injury, infection, illness (in particular arthritis), or an allergic reaction to medication.According to MeSH, the term 'arthralgia' should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term 'arthritis' should be used when the condition is inflammatory.

The causes of arthralgia are varied and range,  from a joints perspective, from degenerative and destructive ...

arthralgia

What-is-the-thyroid-gland

What is the thyroid gland

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What-is-the-thyroid-gland_0_1

It may be small in size, but the butterfly-shaped gland, which is located in the neck area, has indispensable health functions. Your thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormone (TH), which regulates, among other things, the body's temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.&nbsp;

What-is-the-thyroid-gland_0_2

Things can start to go wrong when the thyroid gland is with hyper or hypofunction due to various factors. If it is with decreased function - hypofunction, when it produces too little TH; Alternatively, if it has an increased function - hyperfunction, then it produces too much of this hormone. In addition, other hormones, such as LH, FSH, as well as antibody levels, also serve as a comprehensive factors of the actual condition.

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But what makes your thyroid gland out of balance? The factors may be genetic, autoimmune processes may take place in the body. Impaired thyroid function can also occur during pregnancy, stress, nutritional deficiencies or accumulation of toxins in the environment. And while the hypofunction tends to attract more attention among scientists, there's also the opposite situation where we're talking about an overactive thyroid. It should also be taken into account, since the effects of an overactive thyroid gland are related to weight, overall hormonal background, reproductive abilities, ability to concentrate, memory and others.

Hyperfunction-and-hypofunction---two-sides-of-an-impaired-thyroid-function

Hyperfunction and hypofunction - two sides of an impaired thyroid function

10-signs-of-hyperthyroidism

10 signs of hyperthyroidism 

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10-signs-of-hyperthyroidism_1_1

As mentioned, hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid. When this happens, the body produces an excess of thyroid hormones, such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T4 is produced specifically when the pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Here are the signs that your thyroid is working at an elevated speed and producing abnormally high levels of thyroid hormones: &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673616002786" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Nervousness and anxiety&nbsp; - When the thyroid gland works excessively, hormones tell the body to work even harder. This leads to several symptoms that can make you feel nervous and anxious. But before that, these hormones lead to mood swings and racing thoughts.&nbsp;

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Fast heart rate (plus palpitations) - As one of the physical symptoms of high hormone levels, your heart rate may increase. An increase in heart rate can also lead to palpitations. So, if you feel that the heart is undergoing any unusual changes, be sure to seek medical attention.&nbsp;

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Increased sweating - Because thyroid hormones tell your body to become more active, naturally it will try to cool itself by sweating, even in less active situations when you're not physically active.&nbsp;

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Weight loss - Although this effect is usually sought with other methods, hyperfunction is possible, but with adverse consequences. The abundance of thyroid hormones will speed up your metabolism and appetite. Although you may notice unexplained weight loss, it can lead to dramatic and unwanted changes related to the type of skin, hair, nails, joints and muscles.

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Change in peristalsis - Changes in hormone levels can even affect your digestive system. More frequent bowel movements may indicate other conditions, such as Crohn's disease or problems with gluten absorption or lactose intolerance.&nbsp;

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Goiter - Goiter occurs when the thyroid gland begins to enlarge due to the overproduction of hormones. Normally, the thyroid gland needs adequate levels of iodine, which we should get from the diet. However, if you do not have enough iodine, your body will try to compensate for what is missing, and the thyroid gland will enlarge. If you develop a goiter, you should take iodine supplements after consulting a specialist to suggest other personalized medical solutions.

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You should also keep in mind that Hashimoto's thyroiditis often causes goiter. It is an autoimmune disease that affects millions of people around the world, mainly women. Specifically, this disease causes inflammation and damage to the thyroid gland. As a result of Hashimoto's, the body tries to compensate by triggering thyroid growth and a host of different symptoms affecting joints, skin, hair, and other aspects. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2018.00737/full" target="_blank" data-ref="The Pathology of Hyperthyroidism" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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Hair loss and brittle nails - Hair and nails grow continuously. This is because a critical thyroid function is sending hormonal signals to trigger hair and nail growth. With hyperthyroidism, additional hormones tell your body to increase the growth of hair follicles and nails in a shorter time.

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Although it seems that rapid nail growth would be a positive side effect of thyroid dysfunction, this is not the case. This forced growth is happening too quickly. As a result, your body needs to use its natural resources, which can lead to thinner and brittle hair and nails.

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Sensitive skin or discoloration - Thyroid hormones also affect the health of your skin in different ways. For example, with hyperthyroidism, you may have itchy dry spots on the skin. Your face may feel softer and swollen. You may even notice swelling around your fingertips. Other symptoms include darkening of the skin, rashes and reddish spots.

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Disturbed sleep or insomnia - It is quite possible that you suffer from disturbed sleep in case of excessive levels of thyroid hormones. They make your body more active than usual. For example, hormonal changes can make the nervous system hyperactive. In addition, you may experience nervousness and anxiety due to thyroid problems that also affect sleep.

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Changes in the menstrual cycle - Since hyperthyroidism determines accelerated metabolism, the menstrual cycle may become shorter or begin at different times.&nbsp;

10-signs-of-hypothyroidism

10 signs of hypothyroidism 

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Fatigue&nbsp; - First, when you develop hypothyroidism, your body produces fewer thyroid hormones, making it difficult to recover from everyday stress. As a result, you will start to feel tired more often. You may become slower and slower, you may have difficulty concentrating as mental fatigue or brain fog occurs. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-019-01080-8?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=56c36d9c-f416-4176-b335-115f0af3d09f" target="_blank" data-ref="Hypothyroidism in Context: Where We&rsquo;ve Been and Where We&rsquo;re Going - Advances in Therapy" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;3]&nbsp;

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Sensitivity to cold Hormones secreted by your thyroid gland also regulate body temperature. With fewer hormones, your body has difficulty warming up because your metabolism is slower.

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Constipation - While hyperthyroidism speeds up the digestive process, hypothyroidism slows it down. As a result of these delayed processes, constipation often occurs.&nbsp;

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Dry and itchy skin - Just as overproduction of thyroid hormones leads to skin problems, a lack of these hormones also affects skin health. Skin tends to become dry, itchy and scaly, it may even wrinkle or become pale. These symptoms can also be caused by other skin diseases.

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Weight gain - Thyroid problems lead to a significant slowdown in metabolism. As a result, your body begins to burn less energy and therefore stores more fat. You may find it difficult to exercise because of the fatigue that comes with hypothyroidism.

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Muscle weakness - Without the stimulation of thyroid hormones, your muscles begin to lose their strength. They can even atrophy or become permanently relaxed.

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Muscle aches and cramps - Likewise, your muscles can become painful and low in function. In addition, with a slower metabolism, your body uses catabolism to generate energy. Catabolism is a process that breaks down muscles and other tissues, resulting in weakness, soreness, and possibly pain.

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Joint pain and edema - Catabolism also affects the joints, contributing to fatigue, pain, and even inflammation. In rheumatoid arthritis, for example, we are talking about an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints and causes inflammation and pain. <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673617307031" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;4]&nbsp;

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Abundant or irregular menstrual cycle - Unlike hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism causes the menstrual cycle to become slower and heavier. Cycles can also become less frequent.

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Depression and brain fog - Among other things, with hyperfunction of SHJ, the nervous system slows down because the body can not use energy as efficiently. In combination with the feeling of fatigue, you can feel sluggish, experience mood swings and depression.

Think you may have a thyroid disorder and have any (or several) of the listed symptoms? Ask your doctor to check thyroid hormone levels, especially if you have a family history of Graves' disease, Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis, or another endocrine disorder. These symptoms may be related to other conditions, but if it is found that the cause is impaired thyroid function, measures can be taken in terms of diet, physical activity, filling nutritional deficiencies and taking medications to normalize the condition.

Symptoms of Hyperfunction and Hypofunction - Impaired Thyroid Function

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Бетина Цветкова

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Here-are-some-severe-and-life-threatening-diseases-and-conditions

Here are some severe and life-threatening diseases and conditions 

Hodgkin's-lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma

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This type of cancer affects the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow. Symptoms include swelling in the neck, armpits, or groin, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. It is important to see an oncologist if you experience these symptoms.

Non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin's-lymphoma_0_0

This is another type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Again, see an oncologist if you experience these symptoms.

Leukaemia

Leukaemia_0_0

This cancer affects the blood and bone marrow. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. A hematologist is the appropriate medical specialist to see for this condition.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis_0_0

This bacterial infection can affect the lungs, lymph nodes, and other parts of the body. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, fatigue, fever, and night sweats. An infectious disease specialist can help with this condition.

HIV/AIDS

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This viral infection weakens the immune system. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. An infectious disease specialist is the right medical specialist to see for this condition.

Lupus

Lupus_0_0

This autoimmune disease can affect many parts of the body, including the skin, joints, and organs. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, joint pain, and rashes. A rheumatologist is the appropriate medical specialist for this condition.

Cancer

Cancer_0_0

&nbsp;Swollen lymph nodes can also be a sign of other types of cancer, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma. If you have swollen lymph nodes and a history of cancer in your family, it's important to see an oncologist.

Metastatic-cancer

Metastatic cancer

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This is cancer that has spread from its original location to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and pain in the affected area. An oncologist is the right medical specialist for this condition.

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While swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of serious health concerns, most cases are not life-threatening and can be resolved with medical treatment. It's important to seek medical attention if you notice any lumps or bumps on your body, and if you are diagnosed with a serious health condition, remember that there is hope for treatment and recovery.

In-addition-to-medical-treatment,-herbal-and-natural-remedies-can-also-help-reduce-swollen-lymph-nodes.

In addition to medical treatment, herbal and natural remedies can also help reduce swollen lymph nodes. 

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Some remedies that have been shown to be effective include:

Echinacea

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&nbsp;It is believed that this herb stimulates the immune system, making it more effective in fighting infections. You can take echinacea in the form of a supplement, tea or tincture.

Red-clover

Red clover

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This herb is thought to help cleanse the lymphatic system, making it more efficient at removing toxins from the body. You can take red clover in the form of a supplement or tea.

Cleavers

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This herb is believed to help reduce swelling in the lymph nodes. You can take cleavers in the form of a supplement or tea.

Turmeric

Turmeric_0_0

This spice has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce swelling in the lymph nodes. You can take turmeric in the form of a supplement or add it to your food.

Garlic

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&nbsp;This herb has antibacterial and antiviral properties and may help fight infections that can cause swollen lymph nodes. You can add garlic to your food or take it in the form of a supplement.

Ginger

Ginger_0_0

&nbsp;This spice has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce swelling in the lymph nodes. You can take ginger in the form of a supplement or add it to your food.

Medications,-allergies-and-foods-that-can-cause-lumps

Medications, allergies and foods that can cause lumps

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Medications-that-can-cause-lumps:

Medications that can cause lumps:

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<ul><li> Steroids (e.g., prednisone, cortisone)</li><li> Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen)</li><li> Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, sulfonamides)</li><li> Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine)</li><li> Chemotherapy drugs (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin)</li><li> Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., azathioprine, cyclosporine)</li></ul>

Allergies-that-can-cause-lumps:

Allergies that can cause lumps:

Allergies-that-can-cause-lumps:_1_0

<ul><li> Insect bites or stings</li><li> Food allergies (e.g., peanuts, shellfish)</li><li> Medication allergies (see above)</li><li>Foods that can cause lumps include:</li><li> Fatty or greasy foods</li><li> Spicy foods</li><li> Alcohol</li><li> Caffeine</li></ul>

Active-compounds-of-medications-that-can-cause-lumps:

Active compounds of medications that can cause lumps:

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<ul><li> Steroids - prednisone and cortisone</li><li> NSAIDs - aspirin and ibuprofen</li><li> Antibiotics - penicillin and sulfonamides</li><li> Anticonvulsants - phenytoin and carbamazepine</li><li> Chemotherapy drugs - cisplatin and carboplatin</li><li> Immunosuppressive drugs - azathioprine and cyclosporineIt's important to note that herbal and natural remedies should be used in addition to medical treatment, not as a replacement for it. Always consult with your medical specialist before trying any herbal or natural remedies.

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In conclusion, swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of a minor issue or a serious health concern. It's important to pay attention to any lumps or bumps on your body and seek medical attention if necessary. Most cases of swollen lymph nodes can be resolved with treatment, including medical intervention and complementary herbal and natural remedies. Remember to take action and seek medical attention if your lymph nodes are trying to get your attention.

Lumps and Bumps: Why Your Lymph Nodes Are Trying to Get Your Attention

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What-is-fatigue?

What is fatigue?

What-is-fatigue?_0_0

Fatigue is a feeling of extreme tiredness that can't be explained by lack of sleep or rest. It can be physical or mental and can range from a mild feeling of weariness to a complete lack of energy. Acute fatigue is a normal response to physical or mental exertion and usually goes away with rest. Chronic fatigue, on the other hand, is persistent and can last for months or even years.

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Causes-of-fatigue

Causes of fatigue

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Fatigue can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions, lifestyle factors, and medications. Here are some of the most common causes of fatigue:

Medical-condition:

Medical condition:

Anemia

Anemia_2_0

Anemia is a condition in which the body doesn't have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body. This can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Thyroid-problems

Thyroid problems

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The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. If the thyroid gland isn't functioning properly, it can lead to fatigue, weight gain, and other symptoms.

Chronic-fatigue-syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome

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Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complicated disorder characterized by extreme fatigue that doesn't improve with rest. Other symptoms may include muscle pain, joint pain, headaches, and memory problems.

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia_2_0

&nbsp;Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas.

Sleep-disorders

Sleep disorders

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Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome can all contribute to fatigue.

Lifestyle-factors:

Lifestyle factors: 

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Poor diet: A diet lacking in essential nutrients, high in processed foods, or low in calories can lead to fatigue.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lack of exercise: Regular exercise can help improve energy levels and reduce fatigue.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Stress: Chronic stress can lead to fatigue, as well as a host of other health problems.</li></ul>

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Medications-that-can-cause-fatigue:

Medications that can cause fatigue: 

Medications-that-can-cause-fatigue:_4_0

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antihistamines - diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antidepressants - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, sertraline; tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antipsychotics - risperidone, quetiapine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Benzodiazepines - diazepam, alprazolam</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Opioids - morphine, oxycodone</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antihypertensives - beta blockers such as propranolol, metoprolol; calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine, diltiazem</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Muscle relaxants - cyclobenzaprine, baclofen</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anticonvulsants - gabapentin, pregabalin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Statins - atorvastatin, simvastatin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chemotherapy drugs - doxorubicin, cisplatin</li></ol>

Allergies-that-can-cause-fatigue:

Allergies that can cause fatigue:

Allergies-that-can-cause-fatigue:_5_0

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pollen allergy - allergic rhinitis, hay fever</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dust mite allergy</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pet allergies - cat or dog dander</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mold allergy</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Insect sting allergies - bee or wasp stings</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Food allergies - can cause fatigue indirectly due to poor sleep, gastrointestinal symptoms, and inflammation</li></ol>

Foods-that-can-cause-fatigue:

Foods that can cause fatigue:

Foods-that-can-cause-fatigue:_6_0

<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Foods high in sugar - candy, pastries, soft drinks</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Foods high in refined carbohydrates - white bread, pasta, rice</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Foods high in unhealthy fats - fried foods, fast food, processed snacks</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Caffeine - excessive intake can lead to energy crashes and dependence</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Alcohol - disrupts sleep and can lead to dehydration</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Large, heavy meals - the body requires more energy for digestion, leading to temporary fatigue</li></ol>Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and individual reactions to medications, allergies, and foods may vary. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

How-to-address-fatigue

How to address fatigue

How-to-address-fatigue_7_0

If you're experiencing fatigue, there are steps you can take to address it. Getting enough sleep is crucial, so make sure you're getting at least 7-8 hours of sleep per night. Improving your diet and exercise habits can also help. Eating a well-balanced diet and getting regular exercise can help boost energy levels and improve overall health.

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Stress management is also important. Finding healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce fatigue. Additionally, it's important to seek medical attention if fatigue persists. Your doctor can help identify potential underlying medical conditions and recommend appropriate treatment.

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Herbal-and-natural-remedies

Herbal and natural remedies

Feeling tired is a normal part of life, but if you're experiencing persistent fatigue, it may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. By taking steps to address fatigue, such as getting enough sleep, improving diet and exercise habits, and managing stress, you can help improve your energy levels and overall health. Remember to seek medical attention if fatigue persists and consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new supplements or remedies.