Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass. These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body. There are a number of types of pancreatic cancer. The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term 'pancreatic cancer' is sometimes used to refer only to that type. These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas which makes digestive ...

pancreatic neoplasms

Herbs-and-spices-for-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer

Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

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Cloves are extracted from flower buds of the Eugenia caryophyllata tree. Several bioactive components are found in carnations, including tanins, terpenoids, eugenol and acetylevgenol. <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Clove_Syzygium_aromaticum_a_precious_spice_25182278" target="_blank" data-ref="Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; Cloves originate in Indonesia and are used for culinary purposes in many countries. Although no human studies have been conducted so far to evaluate the use of cloves for cancer prevention, several studies conducted in mice have suggested its effectiveness, especially in modifying cell detoxification processes.&nbsp;

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For example, the study "Plant products as protective agents against cancer" noted that feeding mice with 40 mg. clove per gram of food leads to an increase in GST activity (glutathione-S-transferase) compared to those who did not receive the spice. The physiological significance of these findings remains unclear, since the increase is approximately 2% above normal in the liver (insignificant), 18% in the stomach (p&lt;.05) and 33% in the esophagus (p&lt;.05). In the same study, there was also an increase in concentrations of GST in the stomach (p .05), which implies the detoxifying effect of the ingredients of cloves in the stomach. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2283166/" target="_blank" data-ref="Plant products as protective agents against cancer - PubMed" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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In another study, feeding cloves (0.5%, 1% and 2%) to mice for different durations (10, 20 and 30 days) modified several Phase II enzymes associated with the bioactivation of a carcinogen.<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1913628/" target="_blank" data-ref="Modulatory influences of clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus, L) on hepatic detoxification systems and bone marrow genotoxicity in male Swiss albino mice - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; A dose-dependent response has been observed for several detoxification enzymes. After 20 days, all exposures result in a significant increase in GST and cytochrome b5.&nbsp; Eugenol may be responsible, at least partially, for the induction of Phase II enzymes, which is one of the ingredients of cloves. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Sesquiterpenes_from_clove_Eugenia_caryophyllata_as_potential_anticarcinogenic_agents_1402962" target="_blank" data-ref="Sesquiterpenes from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) as potential anticarcinogenic agents. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 

Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)_0_0

Coriander is an herb of the Apiaceae family and originates from southern Europe and North Africa to Southwest Asia. Although all parts of the plant are edible, its fresh leaves and dried seeds are most often used in cooking.&nbsp;

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Coriander is common in many foods around the world. One of its main ingredients is linalool. Several animal studies provide evidence that coriander seeds can stimulate the antioxidant system of the liver, but more human studies need to be done to clarify its benefits. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0271531701003384" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Cumin-(Cuminum-cyminum)

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)

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Cumin is a flowering plant of the Apiaceae family and originates in the region of the eastern Mediterranean and India. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14753" target="_blank" data-ref="Cuminum cyminum" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; Timoquinone is the most common component of black cumin seed oil. Cumin has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and chemoprophylactic properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Chemopreventive_effects_of_Cuminum_cyminum_in_chemically_induced_forestomach_and_uterine_cervix_tumors_in_murine_model_systems_15087270" target="_blank" data-ref="Chemopreventive effects of Cuminum cyminum in chemically induced forestomach and uterine cervix tumors in murine model systems. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;Part of this response may be due to the ability of cumin to influence phase II enzymes, similar to cloves.&nbsp;

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There is significant evidence of the ability of thymoquinon to suppress the proliferation of tumor cells, including colorectal cancer, adenocarcinoma of the breast, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, myeloblastic leukemia and pancreatic cancer. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/biological_role_of_akt_and_regulation_of_akt_signaling_pathway_by_thymoquinone_perspectives_in_cancer_therapeutics_33019927" target="_blank" data-ref="Biological role of AKT, and regulation of AKT signaling pathway by thymoquinone: perspectives in cancer therapeutics | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

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Dill-(Anethum-graveolens)

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

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Dill is a relatively short-lived perennial spice. Dill is an herb that practically has two components depending on the seasons. In early spring, the leaves are used, and in autumn you could use the seeds of the spice. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14939" target="_blank" data-ref="Anethum graveolens" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp; The main ingredients of dill oil are anethofuran or 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hydroxobenzofuran and carvon or p-mint-1,8-dien-2-one. As with other spices, there is evidence that dill promotes drug detoxification mechanisms by increasing the activity of the GST detoxification enzyme.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Anethofuran_carvone_and_limonene_potential_cancer_chemopreventive_agents_from_dill_weed_oil_and_caraway_oil_1438594" target="_blank" data-ref="Anethofuran, carvone, and limonene: potential cancer chemopreventive agents from dill weed oil and caraway oil. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

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Garlic is&nbsp; a member of the Alliaceae onion family. Garlic has been used throughout history for both its culinary and healing properties. The distinctive characteristics of garlic stem from sulfur, which accounts for almost 1 % of its dry weight. The main sulphur-containing ingredients are &gamma;-glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines and S-alc(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides. Preclinical models provide fairly compelling evidence that garlic and associated components can reduce the incidence of breast, colon, skin, uterus, esophagus and lung cancers. However, research in humans is insufficient to draw the same conclusions about its action in humans.&nbsp;

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Several lipid and water-soluble organosulfur compounds of garlic have been studied for their antiproliferative efficacy. Some of the more commonly used lypidosoluble compounds of allyl sulfur in tumorogenesis studies are ajoene, DAS, DADS and dialyl trisulphide (DATS). The degradation of allicin seems necessary to achieve maximum inhibition of the tumor. Allyl-sulfur compounds more successfully suppress neoplastic over neoplastic cells, according to Allyl sulfides from garlic suppressing the in vitro cell a549 lung tumor cells. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9427979/" target="_blank" data-ref="Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp; Allyl sulfurs can lead to changes by affecting genomic expression by affecting the homeostasis of histone. Allyl mercaptane is also a particularly potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase. Inhibition of HDAC has the potential to depress epigenetically muted genes in cancer cells, leading to cell cycle cessation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 

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Ginger is a member of the Zingiberaceae family and is widely consumed not only as a spice, but also as a healing agent. It is sometimes called 'root ginger' to distinguish itself from other products that share the name. The main ingredients of ginger include [6]-gingerol, [6]-paradol, [6]-shogaol (gingerol for dehydration) and zingeron.&nbsp;

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Several studies have examined the antioxidant properties of ginger. Gingerol has also been shown to reduce intracellular ROS formation in human keratinocyte cells, inhibit angiogenesis in the human endocannabinoid system and limit expression of nitric oxide synthase and epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and AP-1 transcription complexes in JB6 cells&nbsp; [ref.12]

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Various animal models were used to investigate the role of ginger in cancer prevention, with some results being for increased activity of aril hydroxylase by about 25%, increased glutathione-S-transferase by 60% and others.&nbsp;

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In prostate cancer, the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-5 (MKP5) is distinguished as a pro-inflammatory inhibitor in the congenital and adaptive immune response in vivo. [ref.13] Ginger extracts, more than its individual components, have been shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharides-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production to an extent similar to that of indomethacin (a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug).

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Ginger also seems to have antitumorogenous properties. Several cell lines have been studied for their sensitivity to ginger. In general, while the anticancer effects of ginger are intriguing and several processes may be associated with observed reactions, further studies are needed to determine the overall benefits for humans.

Rosemary-(Rosmarinus-officinalis)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

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Rosemary is a woody herb with fragrant coniferous leaves that contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnotic acid and rosemary acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosemarydiphenol and rosmanol.&nbsp;

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There is evidence that rosemary extracts or its isolated components can slow down chemically induced cancer. For example, it has been reported that topical administration of rosemary extract blocks the initiation and promotion phases of B(a)P- and DMBA-mediated skin tumorogenesis. The use of rosemary or carnozole has also been shown to slow down DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats.&nbsp;

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Also, rosemary extracts and the active compounds carnotic acid and rosemary acid inhibit the proliferation of various human cancer cell lines, including NCI-H82 (human, small cell lung cancer), DU145 (human prostate cancer), Hep-3B (human [black] liver cancer), K-562 (human chronic myeloid leukaemia), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma in Human. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20449663/" target="_blank" data-ref="Inhibitory effects of rosemary extracts, carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid on the growth of various human cancer cell lines - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 12]</a>&nbsp;

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Saffron-(Crocus-sativus)

Saffron (Crocus sativus)

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Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of saffron (Crocus sativus) originating in Southwest Asia. [ref.15] Significant scientific information points to the ability of saffron to inhibit cancer. Water saffron preparations have been reported to inhibit chemically induced skin carcinogenesis, with changes in both bioactivation of the carcinogen and tumor proliferation.&nbsp;

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Saffron and crocus also have significant antitumorogenic properties. Like other spices, they seem to suppress cell growth in neoplastic cells to a greater extent than in normal cells. [ref.16]

Thyme-(Thymus-vulgaris)

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

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Thyme is another culinary and medicinal herb. Today, the typical use refers to some or all members of the genus Thymus plants, also from the Lamiaceae family. Several active agents have been reported, including tymol, carvacol, apigenin, luteolin, tanins, &gamma;-terpine and other oils. [ref.17] It has been reported that when consuming thyme leaves (0,5 % or 2,0 %) or its phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacol (50-200 mg/kg), it improves phase I metabolising enzymes such as 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylosis and Phase II enzymes such as GST and quinone reductase. The action of isolated components is more powerful, according to data in modulation of pregnane X receptor- and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17210444/" target="_blank" data-ref="Modulation of pregnane X receptor- and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 12]</a>&nbsp;

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There is growing evidence suggesting that cancers are not an inevitable consequence of aging, but preventable diseases. All scientific data presented in Part One and Part Two of this topic suggest that many spices and herbs can contribute to lowering the risk of cancer and affect the behavior of tumor formations through various mechanisms of action.

Valuable herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer (part two)

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Valuable herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer

Бетина Цветкова

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What is the potential of herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer

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There is no doubt that nutrition and health are closely related. For generations, people have argued that food provides greater benefits than just energy supply. Faith in the healing properties of food appears in very early writings of people. Hippocrates are often quoted as saying:&nbsp;

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"May food be your medicine and medicine be your food."&nbsp;

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Epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies continue to provide fundamental information about the dynamic relationship between nutrients – defined here as any substance in the diet, resulting in a physiological effect – and health. Today, claims about the ability of foods, including spices, to reduce the risk of disease or improve quality of life continue to captivate our lives and amaze scientists. More in-depth analyses of three types of biomarkers - exposure, effect and sensitivity - are needed to assess the effects of spices in cancer prevention and therapy, as well as an assessment of&nbsp; some other factors such as:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Quantities of specific spices necessary to induce a reaction (effect);</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Interactions of spices with other components of the diet;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Composition of the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Environmental exposure;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Genetic characteristics.</li></ul>Different culinary herbs and spices have the ability to alter several cellular processes that are associated with the risk of cancer and/or tumor behavior of cells. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Phenolic_antioxidants_from_herbs_and_spices_11237173" target="_blank" data-ref="Phenolic antioxidants from herbs and spices." rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; The ability of spices to serve as inhibitors of bioactivation of the carcinogen, to reduce the formation of free radicals, to suppress cell division and to promote apoptosis in cancer cells, to suppress microbial growth and to regulate inflammation and immunocompethability, are outlined as plausible mechanisms by which the selected spices can promote health and increased resistance to diseases. Low toxicity and widespread use of spices can make them especially useful by a slight change in diet, which can reduce the risk of several diseases. It has already been documented that adding only approximately 1 gram of herbs per day to the diet can significantly contribute to the total intake of antioxidants (1 mmol).&nbsp; These medicinal plants are also a better source of antioxidants compared to many food products. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92774/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI Bookshelf" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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Besides herbs, some spices are also effective antioxidants and can be especially important for reducing oxidative damage due to environmental stress. And stress is always a prerequisite for the development of diseases, and unfortunately our lives are filled with more and more sources of stress. Therefore, it is important to turn to nature to seek harmony in it and to take advantage of the gifts it offers us.

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Next, you can read about these herbs and spices with some of the more impressive biological properties reported in the scientific literature. You will find information about the amount of spices needed to induce a reaction and thus their physiological significance.

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Bahar-(Pimenta-dioica)

Bahar (Pimenta dioica)

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The term "bahar" was introduced in 1600 by the English people, who believed that the herb combines the flavors of cinnamon, nutmeg and cloves. Bahar is also called "Jamaican pepper", "kurundu", "pepper myrtle", "pimenta". Ground bahar is not a mixture of spices, as some people believe, but is obtained from the dried unripe fruits of the Pimenta dioica tree.&nbsp;

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Bahar is said to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticancer and antitumorigenic properties.&nbsp; <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/096032719601500205" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; It contains numerous potential bioactive agents that can contribute to health promotion, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, catechins and several phenylpropanoids. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Anticancer_and_antioxidant_tannins_from_Pimenta_dioica_leaves_17913067" target="_blank" data-ref="Anticancer and antioxidant tannins from Pimenta dioica leaves." rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a> The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bahar may be associated with eugenol. In this regard, Billing and Sherman reported that bahar is as effective as garlic and onions in suppressing microbial growth. The importance of its antimicrobial properties has recently been underlined by evidence that bahar and eugenol are effective in lowering the virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/420058" target="_blank" data-ref="Antimicrobial Functions of Spices: Why Some Like it Hot | The Quarterly Review of Biology: Vol 73, No 1" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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The anticancer properties of bahar may also be partly due to its ability to affect the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and thus affect carcinogenic bioactivation. A team of scientists was able to cultivate human cells from liver cancer and human adenocarcinoma cells of the colon and examined the ability of spice extract to activate mechanisms associated with phase I detoxification enzymes. Thus, the activation of transcription factors to connect to the elements of response seems like a plausible mechanism by which the bahar and potentially eugenol have an anticancer effect. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891584906006630" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Basil-(Ocimum-basilicum)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) 

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Basil is a culinary herb, most prominently seen in Italian and Southeast Asian cuisine. Although there are many varieties of basil, sweet basil is one of the most prevalent and most commonly studied herbs for its health benefits. Basil was originally found in Iran, India and other tropical regions of Asia, but is now widely available around the world. Antioxidant, antimutagenic, antitumorogenic, antiviral and antibacterial properties of basil probably stem from various components, including linalool, 1,8-cinol, estragol and eugenol. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239314732_Ocimum_sp_Basil_Botany_Cultivation_Pharmaceutical_Properties_and_Biotechnology" target="_blank" data-ref="Please Wait... | Cloudflare" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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Several studies provide evidence that basil is an antimutagenic spice. They demonstrate that 50 &mu;g/mL basil largely blocks the formation of a DNA adduct caused by 1&prime;-hydroxyestagol in the cell line of the human hepatoma (HepG2), possibly by promoting phase II enzymes and thus conjugation and elimination of this carcinogen. These findings also likely explain the basil's ability to reduce the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92774/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - NCBI Bookshelf" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;The anticancer properties of basil may also be related to its ability to influence viral infections, such as hepatitis B.

Kim-(Carum-carvi)

Kim (Carum carvi)

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The kim, also known as "Meridian dill" or "Persian cumin," is found in West Asia, Europe and North Africa. It is believed that the main agents in kim oil are carvon or p-mint-1,8-dien-2-one and lemon or p-mint-1,8-diene, the ancestors of carvon and anetofuran. Scientists studied the effect of kim seed extract on mutagenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in S. typhimurium strains that have a DNA MG deficiency. Their results indicate that the kim does not directly inactivate MNNG and O6-methylguanine-DNA MGMT may be involved in the response. In mouse studies, the number of carcinomas in those who received kim oil was significantly lower than in controls.&nbsp;

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Induction of glutathione-S-transferase from anti-carcinogenic compounds is an important mechanism by which several spices, including cumin, can promote the detoxification of the carcinogen and thereby reduce the risk of cancer. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Acaricidal_effect_and_chemical_composition_of_essential_oils_extracted_from_Cuminum_cyminum_Pimenta_dioica_and_Ocimum_basilicum_against_the_cattle_tick_Rhipicephalus_Boophilus_microplus_Acari_Ixodidae_20865426" target="_blank" data-ref="Acaricidal effect and chemical composition of essential oils extracted from Cuminum cyminum, Pimenta dioica and Ocimum basilicum against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)." rel="noopener">[Ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;

Cardamom-(Elettaria-cardamomum)

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

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Cardamom refers to herbs of the genus Elettaria (green) and Amomum (black) from the ginger family Zingiberaceae. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/16400" target="_blank" data-ref="Elettaria cardamomum" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a> Cardamom is a common ingredient used in Indian cuisine and in different parts of Europe. Extracts of different types of cardamom have been studied for their anticancer and antioxidant action in animals. For example,&nbsp; cardamom has been shown to reduce azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis of the colon by virtue of its anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and proapoptotic actions. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18260732/" target="_blank" data-ref="Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of GST activity by cardamom and cinnamon during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp;

Cinnamon-(Cinnamomum-verum)

Cinnamon  (Cinnamomum verum)

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Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the bark of an evergreen tree belonging to the Lauraceae family. The main ingredients in cinnamon include cinnamon dehyde, eugenol, terpinene, &alpha;-pinene, carvacrol, linalool, safrol, benzyl benzoate &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14482" target="_blank" data-ref="Cinnamon" rel="noopener">and coumarin [ref. 12]</a>&nbsp;Cinnamon is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Several studies have examined its antioxidant properties, as it reduces oxidative stress and the marker TBARS, a biomarker for the production of free radicals in rats.&nbsp;

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The ability of cinnamon extracts to inhibit the in vitro growth of Helicobacter Pylori, a recognized risk factor for stomach cancer, lymphoid tissue lymphoma associated with the gastric mucosa, and possibly pancreatic cancer, cause significant interest in the potential use of this spice to suppress human cancers. In this regard, more studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and benefits.

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Phytotherapy, or so-called " herbal medicine", as well as the use of spices, can support important mechanisms of counteracting cancer processes. Research in a developing field of medicine, known as integrative oncology, is trying to figure out which additional therapies, including herbal medicines, are safe and effective to combine with conventional cancer treatments. The more effort is made in this direction, the more lives saved there might be. Therefore, let's put out trust in scientists, while informing ourselves about the latest developments in the field and always from trusted sources like Sanat.io. Second part of the topic is coming soon in our blog. Stay tuned!

Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer (part one)

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Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer (

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Cancer is seen as a complex disease that proceeds with numerous genetic changes, including oncogenes, tumor suppressors, DNA repair, cancer metabolism, and genetic origin, leading to excessive growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Medicine knows various methods for cancer treatment and therapy, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiotherapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. In fact, some of the most promising methods are aimed at destroying tumor cells and deterring their metastasization.

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The modern era of cancer treatment is constantly evolving, with new breakthroughs and discoveries changing the course of treatment and therapy. It is these innovative approaches that we look at in today's article.

What-is-cancer

What is cancer

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Cells are the main units that make up the human body. They grow and divide to create new cells, as the body needs them. Usually, cells die when they become too old or damaged. Then new cells appear in their place.

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Cancer begins when genetic changes interfere with this consistent and rigorous process. Cells begin to grow uncontrollably and can form a mass called a "tumor". The tumor can be cancerous or benign. A cancerous tumor is a malignant formation, which means it can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means that the tumor can grow, but it will not spread.

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Generally speaking, cancer refers to cells that grow uncontrollably and invade other tissues. Cells can become cancerous due to the accumulation of defects or mutations in their DNA. Most of the time, cells are able to detect and repair DNA damage. If a cell is severely damaged and cannot recover, it usually undergoes so-called programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer occurs when damaged cells grow, divide and spread unusually, instead of self-destruct.

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As cancer develops in the body, it uses different mechanisms to progress and affect various organs and tissues. One of these mechanisms involves blood supply - large tumor formations rely on it to deliver oxygen and nutrients to help them grow. As tumors grow, these blood vessels are unable to provide oxygen and nutrients to any part of the tumor, leading to areas with decreased oxygen levels. However, this environment over time leads to the accumulation of acid in tumor cells.

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British-Columbia-researchers'-discovery

British Columbia researchers' discovery

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To cope with the stress that arises, cells adapt by releasing enzymes that neutralize the acidic conditions of their environment, allowing the cells not only to survive but also to become a more aggressive form of tumor, capable of spreading to other organs. One of these enzymes is called "carboanhydrase IX" (CAIX). A team of researchers from the Faculty of Medicine and the Institute of Cancer Research at the Тhe University of British Columbia discovered the anticancer effect of this enzyme and found that it inhibits cell growth. This is exactly what makes it the "Achilles heel" of cancer cells.

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In the same study, the research team looked at cell properties and identified the weaknesses of the enzyme "CAIX". They found that the enzyme works through a powerful mechanism known as the 'genome-wide synthetic lethal screen'. This tool looks at the genetics of a cancer cell and systematically erases one gene at a time to determine whether it can be destroyed by eliminating the CAIX enzyme along with another specific gene. [<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>]

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According to Dr. Dedhar - a professor in the faculty and one of the authors of the study, this form of cell death occurs when iron accumulates and weakens the metabolism of the tumour and cell membranes. In June 2021 “Kojin Therapeutics” raised $60 million to accelerate research started at Harvard University and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, which involves the use of small molecules to destroy cells that are most vulnerable to ferroptosis. [<a href="https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/kojin-bags-60m-to-exploit-weakness-drug-resistant-cancers" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.5</a>]

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Dr. Dedhar's research team has also found that combining CAIX inhibitors, including SLC-0111, with compounds known to cause ferroptosis, leads to catastrophic cell death and debilitates tumor growth. [<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>][<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21606941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3]</a>

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New-strategies-for-cancer-treatment---what-are-the-horizons

New strategies for cancer treatment - what are the horizons

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The results of the study, published August 27, 2021 in the multidisciplinary journal Science Advances, are expected to help researchers develop new cancer treatment strategies. [<a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj0364" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2]</a> Their goal is to limit the progression of solid cancerous tumor formations, which represent the majority of tumor species occurring in the human body.

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Dr. Shoukat Dedhar said another unique compound known as "SLC-0111" had previously been identified. It is currently being investigated in phase 1 clinical trials (initial human testing) as a potent inhibitor of the CAIX enzyme. While preclinical models of breast, pancreatic, and brain cancer have shown the effectiveness of this compound in suppressing tumor growth and spread, other cellular properties reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, more research is needed to confirm its potential and dependence on other factors.

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In other studies on the topic, scientists looked at methods of targeting hypoxia in cancer therapy and destroying cancerous tumors. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21606941/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>] The two main approaches to this are bioreductive&nbsp;(hypoxia-activated) prodrugs (modified drugs that are transformable before they become pharmacologically active) and inhibitors of molecules on which the survival of hypoxic cells depends.&nbsp;

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In short, this is a new type of programmed cell death and is closely related to both the maintenance of homeostasis and the development of diseases, especially cancers. [<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2020.571127/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]

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It is worth mentioning another step in the progress of cancer treatment. A new drug that can stop tumour growth will be offered to National Health Service patients with lung cancer - the first in Europe to receive the drug. The drug is aimed at the mutation of the KRAS gene found in a quarter of all tumours, which has become known as the "Death Star" mutation due to its spherical appearance. National Health Service researchers have spent 40 years looking for the key to this mutation, and if the treatment works, it could represent a major breakthrough in the fight against other cancers, such as pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer. [<a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/lung-cancer-drug-tumour-nhs-b1917632.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.6</a>]

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We should remember that cancer belongs to the group of treatable diseases, and every step in the process of diagnosis and treatment is crucial for a favorable development. Our team will keep you up to date on the latest discoveries and achievements in the field, as always at <a href="../../" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;Sanat.io.</a>

Cancer is a treacherous and severe disease that is detrimental not only to the body but also to the human spirit. When it is malignant (in very rare cases benign tumors are also life-threatening), it can mean years of struggle and survival attempts. New immunological cancer therapies offer hope for a better outcome, years of survival, and successful recovery therapy.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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 A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their

Author: Elena Marinova, Master of Pharmacy

Excessive use of sugars leads to an accumulation of excess weight, obesity, and often this unlocks serious diseases. Fortunately, the abundance of natural sweeteners allows full replacement of refined sugar, prevention of severe metabolic diseases and even support treatment if the disease is already present.

"Dosis-Sola-Facit-Venenum"---"Only-The-Dose-Makes-The-Poison"

"Dosis Sola Facit Venenum" - "Only The Dose Makes The Poison"

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You may have heard this sentiment from the famous Swiss doctor Paracels. He clarified that all substances are poisonous and "only the dose distinguishes poison from the drug".

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The interpretation of this sentiment shows that even substances that we consider useful can harm us if taken in large quantities. So it is with added sugar. It is present in everything we love - sweet temptations, juices and other drinks, pasta, but its excessive use can be very harmful to the body.

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Sugar is derived from sugar beet and sugar cane. After a process of refining and crystallization, sugar is obtained as we know it - single white crystals. In recent years, the use of brown sugar has increased, which is much more healthy than white sugar, but the process of obtaining it is more expensive and complex.

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Why Is High Sugar Intake Harmful

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The intake of refined sugar leads to a very rapid rise in blood sugar. This is a signal for the production of a large amount of insulin - a hormone that is released from the pancreas and thanks to which glucose is absorbed by the body's cells. These processes occur very quickly and eventually lead to a rapid decrease in blood sugar levels, stress, irritability and a feeling of hunger.

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When the intake of added sugar is greater than the body's needs, excess is converted into fat, which is deposited under the skin and around some organs. Data show that when a person's diet includes a high amount of added sugars, the likelihood of obesity is greater. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959843/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a>

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Obesity is a major problem that can lead to harmful changes in metabolism and the emergence of a number of diseases. It also plays a key role in the so-called metabolic syndrome.

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Sugars have a detrimental effect on our oral hygiene. The "sweet environment" they create favors the development of bacteria responsible for the formation of caries. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536157/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>

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Is it true that we can get addicted to sugar? Yes, it is true and this is scientifically proven. The reason is that sugar activates a specific area in the brain responsible for feeling happy. This same area is also activated when taking drugs. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31125634/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a>

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All these harmful effects affect to an even greater extent the developing body of children, who by nature have an affinity for sweets and no restraints in its consumption, as long as it is available.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adults and children reduce their daily intake of free sugars to less than 10% of their total energy intake. Further reduction to less than 5% or approximately 25 grams (6 teaspoons) per day would provide additional health benefits. [<a href="https://www.who.int/news/item/04-03-2015-who-calls-on-countries-to-reduce-sugars-intake-among-adults-and-children" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.17</a>]

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The most insidious are the hidden sugars used in almost every product today - even in the most unexpected, salty foods. For example, one tablespoon of ketchup contains one teaspoon of sugar.

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It is no coincidence that one of the most popular diets is the ketogenic diet, in which carbohydrates, ie. sugars intake is kept to a minimum.

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