Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Infections with toxoplasmosis usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. In a small number of people, eye problems may develop. In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur. If infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may ...

toxoplasmosis

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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Many couples are afraid to keep their pet in their home - a cat or a dog, when they find out they will become parents. Concerns are most often related to several things: the potential danger of transmission of certain diseases (such as toxoplasmosis) from the animal to the pregnant woman or future baby, how the pet will perceive the new family member, and whether it will not threaten the baby, as well as the fear of the development of allergies.

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But in most cases, there is no room for concern. For example, if the domestic cat does not go outside and does not eat rats and mice, it can not become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and pass it on to its owners. With good hygiene and regular deworming of the pet, the risk of infectious diseases is minimized.

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In this article, we will focus on the benefits of the presence of a pet in a child's life - both from a health point of view and for its emotional development.

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Pets - do they cause or protect you from allergies

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In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to an interesting phenomenon - children who live in a cleaner environment (with a desire for sterility), much more often suffer from a variety of allergies both in childhood and throughout their lives.

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Allergy is an inadequately violent reaction on the part of the immune system to foreign substances - in food allergies [ <a href="../../eng/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14680621/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>] for example, almostalways allergens are proteins.

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A 2011 study showed that children who lived with a pet kitten or dog in the first year of lifewere half less susceptible to developingan allergy to these animals than children who did not have such contact. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Lifetime_dog_and_cat_exposure_and_dog_and_cat_specific_sensitization_at_age_18_years_21668818" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]

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Scientists say this is yet another proof of the importance of first-year experiences for a person's health later in life. [<a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20110613/pets-may-reduce-childrens-allergy-risk" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]

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According to another study, from 2018, the number of pets also matters - the more they are, the more protected the child is from manifestation of allergies such as hay fever, eczema or even asthma. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Pet_keeping_in_early_life_reduces_the_risk_of_allergy_in_a_dose_dependent_fashion_30566481" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]

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The researchers recall that a similar thing has been noticed in children who grew up on a farm among many animals and allergens. These children rarely suffer from allergies.

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Perhaps the role is played by microorganisms , which these animals carry and which can modify the child's immune defenses in a way that prevents allergic reactions. [<a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2188610-the-more-pets-you-meet-as-a-baby-the-lower-your-risk-of-allergies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]

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Caring for a pet teaches you lessons

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When deciding on the family to join a pet, the involvement of parents, conversations with the child and planning are very important to make the experience positive for everyone.

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If the child learns to take care of the animal and treat it with patience and love, it will be an invaluable lesson to treat people in thesame way.

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There are many practical benefits to the emotional development of children involved in the care of pets. Developing a good feeling towards animals can contribute to the child's self-esteem and confidence. Positive relationships with pets help to develop trust in people as well as to the development of nonverbal communication, compassion and empathy. [<a href="https://www.aacap.org/aacap/families_and_youth/facts_for_families/fff-guide/pets-and-children-075.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

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Pet care contributes to the development of children in many ways:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">can serve as trusted friendsto share secrets andpersonal reflections without passing them on - children often talk to their pets, as they do with their stuffed animals;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">give the child valuable lessons about life - about reproduction, childbirth, diseases, accidents, death and suffering;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">can help develop responsible behaviour in the children in their care;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">provide a link with nature;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">can teach the child respect for other living beings;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">nurture love, affection, and soothe in difficult times.</li>
</ul>

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Although most children approach pets with care, some may be too rude or even violent towards them.

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If such behavior manifests itself and persists over time, it can be a sign of serious emotional problems . Any child who abuses, tortures or kills animals shouldbe directed to a child psychiatrist for comprehensive evaluation and assistance.

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What to tell your child when it wants a pet

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There is hardly a child who has not had at least one period of insistent pleading with mom and dad to "get a puppy". If your child wants a pet, talk to him about the necessary responsibility and perseverance.

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When the thrill of the new subsides or the puppy/kitten grows older and even gets older, will they continue to want to take care of it?

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Discuss in advance what the child's obligations will be before you have taken the pet, so that he can well imagine what is to come and think once again whether he is in compliance with the conditions and still wants it.

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It should not be forgotten that no matter how engaged they are at the time of receiving the so-called pet, the children quickly get tired and you will have to take all the care if and when they cannot or do not want to continue caring for the animal.

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Owning a pet provides an important life lesson - learning responsibility - petsrequire food, water and love.

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Many of them require long walks and games, as well as maintaining the hygiene of the animal. Daily walks of the dog develop healthy muscles of the child's legs and are useful for the development of the heart, brain and lungs.

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When is the child old enough to take responsibility

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Children under the age of 4 should not be left unattended around pets, as they are still unable to cope with their emotions and assess situations well, which can lead to serious injuries. [<a href="https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/the_benefits_of_a_family_pet" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]

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Children over 5 years old may be assigned some responsibilities in terms of pet care, but children under the age of 10 should not be expected to take full care of a dog or cat on their own.

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Preschoolers

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Children of this age can help with some simpler activities, such as combing the pet or placing a new bedding in the cage of the bunny or guinea pig.

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The latter is a very suitable pet for children with special needs , it is able to recognize its owner and is as playful and friendly as a cator dog.

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In primary school

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Children in this age range can take care of their own little pets in a cage (hamster, guinea pig, bunny) or fish, but you will still have to keep an eye out for the general condition of the animals.

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At this age, children can take greater responsibility for the games,feeding and cleaning of larger pets , such as dogs and cats. Depending on the size and obedience ofthe animal, the child may also walk a dog.

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In high school

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Teenagers can take care of pets without direct supervision-but you'll need to check if they're really spent, cleaned and fed as they're supposed to.

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What kind of pet to choose

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You may be fascinated by the beauty and strength of the horses, but you may have room only for a hamster. Or you may be inspired by the energy of a cocker spaniel accidentally encountered in the park, but you do not have the strength to master it daily and for years.

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Therefore, it is extremely important to think carefully about what kind of pet will best fit the home in which you live and the rhythm of your family's life.

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Answer the following questions for yourself before choosing a pet:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Home - whether you live in a house with a yard or a small apartment in the city center largely determines the species and even breed of our future pet, since each animal has a different need for space.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Activities - are you active or would you rather spend more time at home?</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Abilities - are you able to physically care for an animal that requires a lot of attention, like a dog?</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Time - are you traveling? Your calendar of appointments and engagements is full? Some pets need a lot of time and attention. Others are more independent and don't need your presence as much.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Money - what budget do you have?</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">The child - you know your child best, and it is necessary to assess whether it has the three most important qualities for raising a pet: obedience, tenderness and responsibility. Moreover, the character of the child should be aligned with the temperament of the animal itself, in order to avoid conflicts and incidents - the worst combination is a very active child with a cowardly or nervous animal.</li>
</ul>

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Tips for choosing a first pet - getting started

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In an interview with Everyday Health, animal behaviour specialist Melissa Bain [<a href="https://www.everydayhealth.com/pet-health/choosing-the-right-pet-for-kids.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>]gives parents considering taking their first pet thefollowing tips:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Start with small steps. A suitable first pet is small rodents that have a fur for caressing but require less care than a kitten or dog. In the pet store or veterinary office they will give you information on exactly how to take care of the animal.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Borrow an animal. If you want to "try" living with a pet for a limited time, you can ask a family member or friend to leave you your pet for a while to take care of :)</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Volunteer at an animal shelter. This is a great family activity and will give you and your children practical training in basic pet care without engaging with an animal at home.</li>
</ul>

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So, pet care is part of a full childhood , the development of emotional intelligence, empathy and responsibility. And last but not least - in the first 2 years of life support propermaturation of the child's immune system, and can protect it from allergies and even from infectious respiratory diseases [<a href="https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2012/07/03/peds.2011-2825.full.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 9</a>].

Why you need a pet if you have children - health and emotional development benefits

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 Why you need a pet if you have children - health and emotional

Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

Credit: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nathan_mcb?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nathan McBride</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/couple?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

This is the moment in my life where I have a loving partner by my own and we both feel ready for the most responsible step in our joint journey - to create a child. This is the biggest project - to conceive and carry a healthy baby, to raise and raise a new worthy person. Each big project starts with a small step. In this case, to get pregnant, but also to find out what I need to do before then.

Any conscious future parent would make the necessary efforts to do what is best for their baby. There are a few simpler or more complex measures that it is necessary to take before conception - from the vitamins that it is good to drink, to more significant lifestyle changes, thanks to which our endeavor will be crowned with the desired success.

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Here's what I need to do before I get pregnant.

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In the article you will read:

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<ul>
<li>Preliminary visit to an obstetrician-gynecologist</li>
<li>What tests it's good to do if I want a baby</li>
<li>What vitamins to drink before conception</li>
<li>How to eat before getting pregnant</li>
<li>Can I eat fish?</li>
<li>Preparing your body for pregnancy through sports</li>
<li>Visit to the dentist</li>
<li>Tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee</li>
<li>Let's see if the environment in which we live and work is safe</li>
</ul>

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Preliminary visit to an obstetrician-gynecologist

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Since my partner and I have thought carefully about all the responsibilities that the creation and raising of a child will accompany our lives, and we have accepted them willingly, the first thing i need to do is visit my gynecologist.

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On this visit, he will conduct a comprehensive <a href="https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/diagnosis-of-gynecologic-disorders/gynecologic-examination" target="_blank" rel="noopener">review</a> [ref. 1] of the uterus and ovaries with ultrasound to check that everything is normal. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Colposcopy_21263978" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>

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Credit: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@anikolleshi?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ani Kolleshi</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/doctor?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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It is important that the doctor is aware of our intentions in order to give appropriate guidance and advice on getting pregnant. That's why it's good to share it with him.

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What tests it's good to do if I want a baby

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It would be useful to know what my body's general condition is before attempts to conceive. To do this, it is a good idea to visit my GP, get a full blood count (PKK), blood sugar testing, liver enzymes (AST, ALT), general urine testing. For added certainty, my partner and I can both be tested for diseases such as hepatitis B and C, syphilis and even AIDS.

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If I am not sure about my immunological status, it is <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Varicella_zoster_virus_chickenpox_infection_in_pregnancy_21585641" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> not a bad idea to check if I have immunity against chickenpox [ref. 3] (VZV IgG is examined), rubella, whether I am not infected with toxoplasmosis (carried by animals, <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Influence_of_infection_during_pregnancy_on_fetal_development_23884862" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> especially cats) - these pathogens [ref. 4] are very dangerous for the future baby.

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If I suffer from chronic diseases for which I take any drugs, consultation with the doctor is mandatory. Some of these medications may lower my chances of getting pregnant or harming the future baby. There are medications that accumulate and stay in the body longer. Only a doctor can appoint the right therapy in these cases to preserve both his and the health of the fetus.

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If I <a href="https://www.puls.bg/bremennost-i-razhdane-c-36/otritsatelen-rezus-faktor-i-bremennost-ima-li-opasnost-za-ploda-n-33561" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> do not know the rhesus factor [rh+ or Rh-], now is the best time to do a blood group and rhesus factor test.

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What vitamins to drink before conception

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At least a month before conception, before we start trying for a baby, It <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Folic_Acid_supplementation_and_pregnancy_more_than_just_neural_tube_defect_prevention_22102928" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> is advisable to take 400 micrograms (mcg) folic acid [ref. 6] per day.

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After consulting her obstetrician-gynecologist, in the first three months of pregnancy itself, it is advisable to continue drinking the tablets to ensure the proper development of the fetus. But it is dangerous to exceed the daily dose, as this can lead to undesirable effects for the baby.

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Credit: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@brett_jordan?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brett Jordan</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/pills?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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Folic acid can also be provided with appropriate multivitamins, I <a href="https://www.babycenter.com/0_vitamin-a-in-your-pregnancy-diet_675.bc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> just need to look at whether it is in the required amount.

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How to eat before getting pregnant

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If I haven't thought much about what I'm eating so far, there's no better time for this than the present one. It is important to consider how to eat before getting pregnant, to include in my diet enough fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts, beans, lentils, calcium-rich foods - that is, milk and dairy products, and to avoid harmful foods that have no nutritional value but are so tempting

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It would be nice to refrain from raw or poorly cooked fish (sushi<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Fish_Parasites_A_Growing_Concern_During_Pregnancy_27065071" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> [ref. 8]), meat, eggs, due to the risk of infection.

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Can I eat fish?

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Credit: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@gregor_moser?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Gregor Moser</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/fish?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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And speaking of whether to eat fish: <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Fish_intake_during_pregnancy_and_early_cognitive_development_of_offspring_15232398" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> it is a type of food that is good to watch out <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Prenatal_exposure_to_mercury_and_fish_consumption_during_pregnancy_and_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_related_behavior_in_children_23044994" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> for.

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Therefore, some species of fish should be avoided before and during pregnancy. Such are mackerel, shark, swordfish, as well as fish that we have caught ourselves, because we usually do not know what the chemical composition of the reservoir is and whether it is contaminated.

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For pregnant women, it is advisable to eat fish no more than twice a week, and it is of species that do not accumulate as much mercury, such as rainbow trout from kennel, sardines, herring and salmon.

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According to experts, canned tuna can be eaten in small amounts and not more than once a week.

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Preparing your body for pregnancy through sports

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Physical form and weight are important both before conception and in pregnancy. It has been found that overweight ladies and those who are too weak conceive more difficult.

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Overweight and obesity <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Obesity_insulin_resistance_and_pregnancy_outcome_20457594" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> [ref. 11] lead to complications during pregnancy itself and childbirth, and in the opposite case - when a woman becomes pregnant with an underweight weight and during fetal wear fails to "catch up", then often the baby is also born with a low weight.

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Credit: <a href="https://unsplash.com/@brucemars?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">bruce mars</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/sport?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>

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<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Exercise_during_the_childbearing_year_17273187" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sport</a> [ref. 12] is useful in both cases - it helps both lower and increase weight until it normalizes.

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If I'm not used to playing sports, I can start with 20-minute walks every day - the road to and from work is perfect for that. Or light gymnastics. Then turn on girritories and sit-ups.

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Healthy abdominal muscles will also help me in the process of childbirth.

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Visit to the dentist

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Due to increased levels of hormones during pregnancy, the gums of many women begin to inflame and bleed. Therefore, excellent oral hygiene is very important to reduce these effects.

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Removing all problems on the teeth and gums even before getting pregnant will give me the necessary peace of mind afterwards. For some ladies, visiting the dentist's office is a very stressful experience, and during pregnancy it is desirable to avoid unnecessary stressors.

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Credit: Ani Kolleshi on Unsplash

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Tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee

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Maybe it is not <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Positive_lifestyle_changes_around_the_time_of_pregnancy_a_cross_sectional_study_27154477" target="_blank" rel="noopener">necessary</a> [ref. 13], but there is no denying the harmful influence of cigarettes, alcohol and large doses of caffeine on the body, especially when it comes to pregnancy.

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Quitting harmful <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/search?q=caffeine%20pregnancy&amp;p=1&amp;st=1&amp;tp=9&amp;f=4&amp;as=ARTICLE%3APUBMED%3A2003624" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> habits is mandatory if we want a healthy and happy baby. Alcohol and cigarettes are desirable to drop out of our daily lives even before conception has become a fact. As for coffee [ref. 14] - there is no consensus on what the safe dose is. According to some studies, a large amount of caffeine can lead to miscarriage - if we are used to <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Impacts_of_Caffeine_during_Pregnancy_31818639" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a> drinking more than a cup of coffee a day, it may be time to reduce the amount even before trying to become pregnant.

toxoplasmosis

What should you do before you get pregnant