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<h4>Author: Ivelina Yankova, Bachelor of Biomedical Sciences</h4>

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What-is-HPV?

What is HPV?

What-is-HPV?_0_0

Human papilloma virus, or HPV, is a highly contagious viral infection. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection and affects the genitals, mouth, throat and anus. The virus can also be transmitted to people who are not sexually active – it is enough to have had longer contact with infected skin. The virus is found mainly in young people.

What-is-HPV?_0_1

There are over 100 different types of HPV and some of them can lead to cervical cancer. The most common symptoms of HPV are the appearance of warts on the genitals, mouth, throat and anus; in women: pain during sex or in the pelvic area, unusual vaginal discharge, abnormal bleeding after sex. However, most people are asymptomatic and do not even understand that they have HPV. There is no need to worry, it is believed that after a year or two the immune system copes with the virus, it clears out and can no longer be transmitted to other people.

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There are complications only in limited cases when the immune system fails to cope with the virus on its own. In these cases warts can be formed in the aforementioned places and, in rare cases, develop cancer in the same places, not necessarily accompanied by the appearance of warts.

What-is-HPV?_0_3

Mothers infected with the virus can transmit the infection to their children during childbirth, after which the children tend to develop typical respiratory papillomatosis – warts on the throat.

What-is-HPV?_0_4

What-is-the-HPV-vaccine?

What is the HPV vaccine?

What-is-the-HPV-vaccine?_1_0

About 80% of people who lead sexual lives are infected with HPV, increasing the number of cases by about 14 million each year (2). This makes the virus so common that it is considered a normal consequence of a person's sex life.

What-is-the-HPV-vaccine?_1_1

The HPV vaccine is made from one of the proteins on the surface of the virus. It is produced in vitro – in a laboratory, by the fermentation process of yeast cells. After it is formed, it forms viral particles, which are arranged in a hollow, spherical form, as is the form of the virus. After injection into the body, the immune system recognizes the virus in this spherical form and begins to attack it, hence creating immunity. In a subsequent encounter with the real virus, the organism is immediately ready for defense and clears the infection uncompromisingly.

What-is-the-HPV-vaccine?_1_2

The vaccine does not contain the genetic material of the virus, and therefore it can not infect a person. In addition, after already 15 years of use, no serious side effects have been found, only the expected pain and redness around the injection site and sometimes fainting. Yes, fainting sounds serious, but it is completely innocent and is a common side effect of all vaccines. The HPV vaccine is safe to use and to date an average of over 300 million HPV vaccines have been administered worldwide (3).

What-is-cervical-cancer-and-why-is-it-dangerous?

What is cervical cancer and why is it dangerous?

What-is-cervical-cancer-and-why-is-it-dangerous?_2_0

<h4>The cervix is part of a woman's reproductive tract and is located between the vagina and the lower part of the uterus. When the cells of the cervix begin to multiply more than usual, then we say that a person has cervical cancer. This enhanced cell formation is a result of a mutation in the DNA of the cells and causes their continuous reproduction instead of their destruction.</h4>

What-is-cervical-cancer-and-why-is-it-dangerous?_2_1

<h4>Cervical cancer mainly affects people after the age of 30 and is considered one of the treatable ones, especially if caught in the early stages. The most common cause of its occurrence is infection with certain types of human papilloma virus, especially if the virus is not cured for a long time.</h4>

What-is-cervical-cancer-and-why-is-it-dangerous?_2_2

<h4>What makes cervical cancer dangerous is the high risk of its occurrence. Since HPV is a common and relatively "dormant" infection, it is easy to ignore the recommendations for routine check after no symptoms are available. Over time, a tumor can develop without any noticeable signals for help, and only when it becomes large and dangerous to be noticed.</h4>

What-is-cervical-cancer-and-why-is-it-dangerous?_2_3

<h4>For this, it is advisable to annually check the state of your reproductive tract in order to avoid serious problems in the future.</h4>

How-does-the-HPV-vaccine-protect-us-from-cervical-cancer?

How does the HPV vaccine protect us from cervical cancer?

How-does-the-HPV-vaccine-protect-us-from-cervical-cancer?_3_0

Almost every type of cervical cancer is a result of HPV infection. Immunization with any of the HPV vaccines (three have been approved so far) can prevent infection with the virus and therefore getting cervical cancer.

How-does-the-HPV-vaccine-protect-us-from-cervical-cancer?_3_1

On November 3, 2021, a study was published in The Lancet, which tracked the effect of the vaccine in England 13 years after administration (4). The vaccine was offered as a routine for 12-13-year-old girls in 2008. Using scientific methods of comparing cervical cancers in 2008 with those in 2021, there was an 87% decrease in cases in 2021. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine against this disease and proves that immunization must be made available and offered in all countries, even in low and middle income countries.

How-does-the-HPV-vaccine-protect-us-from-cervical-cancer?_3_2

Unfortunately, there are no preventive tests that can detect other cancers that HPV causes and it is most often too late when they are detected. This is another reason for the creation of the vaccine against papilloma virus – to protect against the serious consequences that one, often "simple", infection can create.

How-does-the-HPV-vaccine-protect-us-from-cervical-cancer?_3_3

When-to-get-vaccinated?

When to get vaccinated?

When-to-get-vaccinated?_4_0

It is accepted that the HPV vaccine should be given around 11-12 years of age and the vaccination course can be started as early as 9 years. The age of administration is early because it is believed that children's immune response is better than that of adolescents. In addition, the vaccine is most effective in people who have not been sexually active. This prevents a person from meeting the virus before vaccination. If for some reason the infection is already in the human body, then the vaccine will not protect against the consequences that the virus can have.

When-to-get-vaccinated?_4_1

Provided that a person is not vaccinated at an early age, it is possible to do so in later years. Consult your GP if you are considering vaccination. &nbsp;

2021. Key Statistics for Cervical Cancer. American Cancer Society

2018. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). Cleveland Clinic

2020. HPV Vaccine Facts. American Cancer Society

Falcaro, M., et al. (2021); The effects of the national HPV vaccination programme in England, UK, on cervical cancer and grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia incidence: a register-based observational study; The Lancet

Tea is the second most common drink after water. Tea, which is prepared from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant is 3 types: green, oolong and black - depending on the degree of oxidation of the leaves. The most oxidized are the leaves of black tea, not so much of the oolong tea and the leafs of green tea are not oxidized at all.

9 unexpected health benefits of green tea and how to prepare it

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How to prevent premature aging of the skin and the formation of wrinkles? What herbs and cosmetics to use for keeping your skin young longer?

13 ways to prevent skin aging

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Fasting is becoming more and more popular among different groups of people – from active sports to obese people. The reason is that fasting, also known as intermittent fasting, has noticeable benefits both on our appearance and on our health. Its impact on diseases such as diabetes, dementia and cardiovascular disease is the subject of increased scientific interest and research.

Are there really benefits of fasting 

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Brewer's yeast is a rich source of B vitamins, the biologically active form of chromium, as well as potassium, zinc, iron, magnesium and proteins. It can increase the energy and resistance of the body, improve digestion, glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetes, may help for beautiful and healthy skin and hair.

6 Health Benefits of Brewer's Yeast

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The desire for faster results, greater strength and endurance and accumulation of muscle mass sometimes lead active athletes to the decision to take supplements. It is well known that "chemistry" harms you, and yet it remains the easier choice. But here's nature to help.

Love active sports? Here are the herbs you need for strength and endurance

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I have a loving partner by my own and we feel ready for the most responsible step - to create a child. But what do I have to do before I get pregnant?

What should you do before you get pregnant

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Insomnia is the medical term for insomnia. It is a widespread condition that affects sleep quality and inevitably affects our productivity during the day. Perhaps you also wonder if you do not suffer from it, if you don't easily fall asleep or wake up too often at night, and during the day you feel drowsy and lethargic. In this article, we will look at what may be the reasons that lead to insomnia and whether you can help yourself.

What is insomnia and how to deal with it

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Gin hides its origin not as a summer drink, but as a healing agent in the arsenal of traditional medicine.

Healing Properties of Juniper - The Secret of Gin 

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How can the HPV vaccine protect us from cervical cancer?

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 How can the HPV vaccine protect us from cervical cancer?

Ивелина Янкова

Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

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Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacterium that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract.&nbsp;It is the most common cause of stomach and duodenal ulcers and gastritis. In addition, infected people are associated with a 2 to 6-fold increased risk of developing stomach cancer <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/helicobacter-pylori" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a>. The infection is often asymptomatic, but can often cause some of the following symptoms:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">burning in the stomach and esophagus</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">stomach pain</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">vertigo</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">swelling</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">unexplained weight loss</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">loss of appetite, etc.</li>
</ul>

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It is believed that over 50% of the global population is infected with H.pylori <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23165522/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a> and the problem is greatest in developed countries.&nbsp;In this article we will look at conventional treatment, its disadvantages and why it is necessary to look for alternative natural solutions to deal with the bacterium.

Standard-therapy

Standard therapy

Standard-therapy_0_0

Standard-therapy_0_1

The most desirable outcome in the treatment of this infection is complete clearance of the bacteria. This is because H.pylori can stay in the stomach for an extremely long time and lead to chronic diseases such as gastritis, ulcers or cancer. Medical practice recommends therapies with acidity regulators, such as proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotics <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521691806001387?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a>.

Standard-therapy_0_2

Unfortunately, often the treatment is not successful for two main reasons - the increasing antibiotic resistance of the bacterium and non-compliance with the course of treatment by patients. Usually, therapy involves at least three drugs and lasts&nbsp; for a long time, and the results do not always come immediately. On the other, the appearance of side effects and the high cost of treatment act discouragingly, and patients give up treatment before a complete cure.

Virulent-factors-of-H.pylori

Virulent factors of   H.pylori

Virulent-factors-of-H.pylori_1_0

Various products of microorganisms that help them cause an infectious process in the host are indicated as virulence factors. Examples include some toxins, receptors on the surface, etc. In the case of H.pylori, it is about factors that help it colonize the stomach and survive in the highly acidic environment there.

Virulent-factors-of-H.pylori_1_1

Among them are urease and adhesins. Urease is an enzyme with which the bacterium neutralizes gastric acid by converting urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/The_role_of_Helicobacter_pylori_urease_in_the_pathogenesis_of_gastritis_and_peptic_ulceration_8730260" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>. In addition, there are non-invasive tests that use the reaction of this enzyme to determine the presence of helicobacter and diagnosis, as well as to monitor the effect of assigned treatment.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Virulent-factors-of-H.pylori_1_2

Adhesins, on the other hand, are necessary for the bacterium to capture it for the epithelial cells of the stomach. They help it to resist adverse environmental conditions such as the constant flow of juices and peristaltic movements <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Adhesion_and_Invasion_of_Gastric_Mucosa_Epithelial_Cells_by_Helicobacter_pylori_27921009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.5]</a>.

Plants-as-an-alternative-treatment

Plants as an alternative treatment

Plants-as-an-alternative-treatment_2_0

Plants-as-an-alternative-treatment_2_1

Traditional medicine should not be neglected when we talk about infection with H.pylori. Many studies can be found in scientific databases that study the antibiotic effects of various plants on this bacterium.&nbsp;In addition to individual species, some studies also focus on isolating individual pure compounds with this effect, as well as on their chemical modification to create new medicines.

Plants-as-an-alternative-treatment_2_2

When reading such literature, however, it should be taken into account that in vitro studies are often carried out, i.e. in a test tube. This is a good start, but it is also necessary to have in vitro data in order to make the action more secure. In the examples of plants with healing effect on H.pylori we will see mainly those whose effect is also studied on model organisms.

How-medical-plants-could-counteract-H.pylori

How medical plants could counteract  H.pylori  

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How-medical-plants-could-counteract-H.pylori_3_1

Many natural plant products have anti-H.pylori action. Some of the mechanisms of action against the bacterium include suppression of the activity of urease, damage to genetic material, suppression of protein synthesis and virulent factors, activity againt adhesins, etc.

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For example, a 2005 study showed that aqueous extracts of borage, turmeric and parsley prevented the capture of H. pylori for gastric epithelial cells <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Bactericidal_and_anti_adhesive_properties_of_culinary_and_medicinal_plants_against_Helicobacter_pylori_16437723" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.6]</a>. A similar effect was found in the aqueous extract of the well-known herb licorice <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Aqueous_extracts_and_polysaccharides_from_liquorice_roots_Glycyrrhiza_glabra_L_inhibit_adhesion_of_Helicobacter_pylori_to_human_gastric_mucosa_19607905" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.7]</a>.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori

5 natural remedies against  H.pylori  

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5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_1

The ingredient of red wine, to which its effects are due, is resveratrol. It is a natural antioxidant that has shown activity against the urease of H.pylori, as well as against <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996911001049?casa_token=zFNTOThBYU4AAAAA:-qyU52IVRuOBqN2-tBgM8rkaBajprHOVCn5bRZ4ynHQ3HxKnsSzqXGrs-vuJD8TAWT61zGjkgw" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [ref.8]</a>.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_2

Broccoli

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_3

Isothiocyanate sulforaphane is the metabolized product of substances, which are abundantly found broccoli, especially in their sprouts, and has bacteriostatic action against H.pylori and other bacteria.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_4

Read more in <a href="../p/dobritie_i_loshitie_taini_na_brokolitie" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The Good and The Bad Secrets of Broccoli</a>

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_5

A 2011 study showed that that the intake of broccoli sprouts reduces the colonization of the gastric mucosa by the bacterium, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models and in humans <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Sulforaphane_enhances_protection_and_repair_of_gastric_mucosa_against_oxidative_stress_in_vitro_and_demonstrates_anti_inflammatory_effects_on_Helicobacter_pylori_infected_gastric_mucosae_in_mice_and_human_subjects_21548875" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.9]</a>. 48 volunteers took 70 g of broccoli sproutsfor 8 weeks. 2 months after stopping sprout intake, however, it was found that the indicators returned to the original values. This indicates that broccoli has an effect on the suppression of the bacterium, but can not completely eradicate it.&nbsp;

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_6

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_7

The catechins in green tea are the main antioxidant in this plant. They have shown antibiotic action against H.pylori. In addition, a study on model animals shows that intake of green tea extract for 6 weeks significantly reduces the symptoms of gastritis, as well as the number of bacteria <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Suppression_of_Helicobacter_pylori_induced_gastritis_by_green_tea_extract_in_Mongolian_gerbils_14550260" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [ref.10]</a>.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_8

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_9

Probiotics are live bacteria that help maintain the balance of microflora in the digestive tract. Fermented foods and drinks such as yogurt, kimchi, kefir, kombucha, etc. are natural sources of probiotic bacteria, while today many ready-made dietary supplements can also be found.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_10

Their use as a complementary or alternative treatment for H.pylori infection is mentioned more and more in the medical literature.&nbsp;Probiotics are known to have an in vitro suppressive effect against this bacterium and also to reduce the symptoms associated with inflammation in gastritis in vivo. For example, the authors of a summary article from 2014 show that of the 12 articles studying the treatment of H. pylori with antibiotics combined with probiotics and 16 studying probiotics as the only treatment, most reported an improvement in patient complaints and a reduction in the number of pathogenic bacteria. However, none showed a complete cure from the infection with probiotics alone <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118213000637?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.11]</a>.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_11

Honey and propolis

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_12

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_13

Honey is well <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3925854/?fbclid=IwAR1pFDbib3yg1j_9dwj8H46FH0g1mM9Ikup8BfA3K31u2kaxo_NtwOg_0sY" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>known for its antibacterial properties and has several possible mechanisms that explain its action.&nbsp;There are also studies that examine its depressant effect specifically on H.pylori, as manuka honey seems to give the most promising results <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3925854/?fbclid=IwAR1pFDbib3yg1j_9dwj8H46FH0g1mM9Ikup8BfA3K31u2kaxo_NtwOg_0sY" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.12]</a>.

5-natural-remedies-against-H.pylori_4_14

In conclusion, alternative treatments for H. pylori are a good approach and are probably safe. However, they have not been shown to completely cure infections with this bacterium and are rather recommended as concomitant treatment with a preparation after consultation with your doctor.

Helicobacter pylori, 2019, CDC

H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: state of the art (review), 2013, Int. J. Oncol

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori, 2007, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/The_role_of_Helicobacter_pylori_urease_in_the_pathogenesis_of_gastritis_and_peptic_ulceration_8730260" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The role of Helicobacter pylori urease in the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulceration</a>, 1996, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Adhesion_and_Invasion_of_Gastric_Mucosa_Epithelial_Cells_by_Helicobacter_pylori_27921009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Adhesion and Invasion of Gastric Mucosa Epithelial Cells by Helicobacter pylori</a>, 2016, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Bactericidal_and_anti_adhesive_properties_of_culinary_and_medicinal_plants_against_Helicobacter_pylori_16437723" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylor</a>i, 2005, World J. Gastroenterol.

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Aqueous_extracts_and_polysaccharides_from_liquorice_roots_Glycyrrhiza_glabra_L_inhibit_adhesion_of_Helicobacter_pylori_to_human_gastric_mucosa_19607905" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa</a>, 2009, J. Ethnopharmacol.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori and urease inhibitory activities of resveratrol and red wine, 2011, Food Research International

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Sulforaphane_enhances_protection_and_repair_of_gastric_mucosa_against_oxidative_stress_in_vitro_and_demonstrates_anti_inflammatory_effects_on_Helicobacter_pylori_infected_gastric_mucosae_in_mice_and_human_subjects_21548875" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sulforaphane enhances protection and repair of gastric mucosa against oxidative stress in vitro, and demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects on Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosae in mice and human subjects</a>, 2011, Current Pharmaceutical Design

<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Suppression_of_Helicobacter_pylori_induced_gastritis_by_green_tea_extract_in_Mongolian_gerbils_14550260" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Suppression of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis by green tea extract in Mongolian gerbils,</a> 2003, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

Clinical application of probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection—A brief review, 2014, J Microbiol Immunol Infect.

Exploring alternative treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection, 2014, World J. Gastroenterology

There are various medical methods for the treatment and therapy of cancer, such as chemotherapy, interventional oncology, radiation therapy, surgery, hematological oncology, and others. One of the most promising methods is aimed at destroying tumor cells and preventing their metastasis.

A light at the end of the tunnel - cancerous tumors and their "Achilles heel"

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What are the most famous natural sweeteners, what they are and from which plants are extracted. The answers to these questions can be found in the following article.

Sweetness From Nature Or How To Replace Sugar With Natural Sweeteners

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In this article, you will learn what health benefits spirulina consumption brings according to science, as well as tips for growing it at home.

5 Reasons Why Spirulina Truly Is A Superfood And How To Grow It Home

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In this article you will find useful information about the healing properties of the broadleaf plantain according to the Iranian traditional medicine and modern science.

The Broadleaf Plantain: A Modest Plant with Great Healing Potential

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Hops is well known as it is a major raw material in the production of beer. Interest in this plant is growing not only due to the search and creation of beer with new different flavors, but also for discovering and proving new beneficial properties for our health.

Healing Properties of Hops - The Essential Ingredient of Beer

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In this article you will find information about the beneficial effects of nettle and learn whether it has the potential to help treat oncological diseases.

Healing Properties of Stinging Nettle and Its Potential in Cancer Treatment

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In recent years omega-3 fatty acids have gained popularity due to their numerous health benefits. They are an important part of lipid metabolism of animals and play a significant role in human health.

Omega-3 fatty acids: health benefits and sources

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Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

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 Natural Treatments for Helicobacter pylori

Силвия Маринова

What-is-marijuana?

What is marijuana?

What-is-marijuana?_0_0

Marijuana is derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, which was originally found in India and Central Asia. It has characteristic shaped leaves, gives flowering, which also has a characteristic appearance and can grow over three meters. Marijuana is the dried leaves, flowers, twigs and seeds of the plant. Cannabis contains over 120 active substances called cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids, the most famous of which are cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).&nbsp;

What-is-marijuana?_0_1

How-is-marijuana-used?

How is marijuana used?

How-is-marijuana-used?_1_0

<h4>People most often smoke marijuana in paper in the form of a cigarette (joint), as well as in a pipe or water pipe (bong). Rolling it into a paper made of tobacco (blunt) is also a known method for use of the plant.</h4>

How-is-marijuana-used?_1_1

<h4>To avoid smoke inhalation, there are devices called vaporizers, which can also use liquid marijuana extract. They withdraw the active substances from the plant by decarboxylation (removing a carboxylic group from the compound, in which carbon dioxide is released – most often by heating) and storing their fumes in a specific part of the device.&nbsp; When smoking from the evaporator, these fumes are inhaled, which gives the same effect as when inhaling the smoke.</h4>

How-is-marijuana-used?_1_2

<h4>Also, the active substances can be extracted and mixed with various food products to prepare meals.</h4>

How-is-marijuana-used?_1_3

<h4>Lately, smoking or eating THC-rich marijuana extracts has become more common; these may be in a different form - oil, wax or solid.</h4>

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Marijuana-before-and-today

Marijuana before and today

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Marijuana use is believed to have started as early as 2900 BC. In the beginning, it was used for healing and there is evidence that the ancient Egyptians used it to treat glaucoma and inflammation of the body. In the original Jewish version of "Mass Exodus" (the second part of the Bible, which in Bulgaria we call the "New Testament") there are writings about sacred oil for anointing, in which content there was also marijuana. In 2900 BC, Chinese Emperor declared cannabis a popular drug and many other medicinal properties of this plant have since been discovered (ref.8).

The topic of marijuana is controversial - people have different opinions on whether its use is beneficial or harmful. In this article are summarized the most important things you need to know about marijuana in a scientific context. It is a fact that it has been used since ancient times for medical purpose, and rightly so - to date many positive effects of the active ingredients in cannabis have been found. At the same time, however, there are also negative effects, especially in chronic use. Despite the progress we see in science for marijuana use, new, well designed studies are necessary to further understand the mechanisms which phytocannabionoids use and hence the way they affect us.

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