Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a brain injury in which scattered lesions occur over a widespread area in white matter tracts as well as grey matter. DAI is one of the most common and devastating types of traumatic brain injury and is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state after severe head trauma. It occurs in about half of all cases of severe head trauma and may be the primary damage that occurs in concussion. The outcome is frequently coma, with over 90% of patients with ...

diffuse axonal injury

_-1_0

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

_-1_1

_-1_2

Psoriasis is a complex disease that affects about 2-3% of the world's population. The first symptoms usually occur between the ages of 15 and 25, but the disease may occur at any age. Men, women and children, as well as all races, are equally affected.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis

Psoriasis - causes, symptoms and diagnosis

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_0

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, which involves complex interactions between the two structures of the skin - the dermis and the epidermis. There are several forms of psoriasis, the most common being psoriasis, which forms plaques on the skin or the so-called plaque psoriasis (also called psoriasis vulgaris). Careful examination of the plaques usually shows white silver scales.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_1

This occurs because overactive immune system accelerates the growth of skin cells. Normal skin cells keratinocytes grow and die (fall) in a month. In psoriasis, skin cells do this in just three or four days. Instead of falling, skin cells accumulate on the surface of the skin in the form of plaques. Some people report that psoriasis plaques are itching, burning and are painful.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_2

Other forms of the disease are gutate, pustular, iverse, and erythrodermic psoriasis.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_3

The disease can affect not only the skin, but also the joints, which can lead to psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis varies in severity - from several small plaques to affecting the entire skin surface. It can significantly affect the quality of life. Both <a href="/p/kak_ghienitie_opriedieliat_prilikata_s_roditielitie_ni_2256bb0a_9ee8_4d00_8f3e_7ca44b90aa45" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the development of the disease.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_4

Diagnosis is based on typical erythematous (red), scaly skin lesions (plaques), often with additional manifestations in the nails and joints, and sometimes can also affect the eyes. Plaques appear most often in the area of the elbows, knees, waist (lumbosacral region) and scalp.

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_5

Eyes are affected in about 10% of patients, mostly women. Almost always this is accompanied by manifestations of the disease on the skin, and rarely the eyes manifest the only symptom of the disease. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28846344/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>]

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_6

Psoriasis---causes,-symptoms-and-diagnosis_0_7

Psoriasis is associated with several concomitant diseases, including cardiovascular disease, lymphoma and depression, due to the poor quality of life.

Causes-and-risk-factors

Causes and risk factors

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_0

Scientists still don't know exactly what causes psoriasis, but the immune system and genetics play a key role. The genetics of psoriasis is complex, and it is possible that the disease develops, even if you do not have a family history of it.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_1

Its triggering event can cause a change in the immune system, leading to the onset of the symptoms of psoriasis. Common causes of psoriasis include stress, diseases (especially streptococcal infections), skin injury and some medicines.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_2

Factors that "unlock" the disease vary from person to person. What can make psoriasis worse in one person may not affect someone else. The most common factors are:

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_3

<ul>
<li>Stress - you need to realx</li>
</ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_4

Stress is one of the most common factors for the onset of psoriasis. At the same time, exacerbation of the condition&nbsp;itself can cause stress. This seems like an endless cycle of interconnected events, but relaxation techniques and stress management can help prevent its impact on the condition.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_5

<ul>
<li>Skin injury - the Koebner phenomenon</li>
</ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_6

Psoriasis can occur in areas of the skin that are damaged. This is the result of the Koebner phenomenon, in which skin injuries such as scratches, sunburns, insect bites, allergic reactions to vaccines, tattoos or even varnish or hair dye can cause the appearance of new plaques.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_7

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_8

<ul>
<li>Infections - beware of Streptococcus</li>
</ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_9

Anything that affects the immune system can also cause psoriasis. Therefore, it can occur after infection of the ears, bronchitis, tonsillitis or respiratory infections.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_10

There is a link between streptococcal infection (Streptococcus in the throat) and guttate psoriasis - it is this infection that often triggers the first appearance of guttural psoriasis in children.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_11

There may be Streptococcus in the throat without symptoms. If you have had strep in the past, talk to your doctor and have a test for the presence of the bacterium in the throat if the condition worsens.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_12

<ul>
<li>The weather can worsen psoriasi</li>
</ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_13

Cold weather can often worsen the symptoms of psoriasis due to less sunlight and humidity, heated and drier air indoors, the characteristic diseases during the winter. On the other hand, warm weather can alleviate the condition due to natural sunlight and higher humidity.

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_14

<ul>
<li>Other possible triggers</li>
</ul>

Causes-and-risk-factors_1_15

Although less common, some people with psoriasis suspect that allergies, certain foods, alcohol or environmental factors trigger their psoriasis. A great way to learn about your personal set of stimuli is to keep track of them over time. Keeping notes of symptoms and causes can help you anticipate and treat the condition during periods of worsening.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem

Treatment of psoriasis - it's not the usual skin problem

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_0

Psoriasis is not just a skin disease, as it was once thought. We already know that psoriasis-affected skin is a sign of inflammation in the body. Even people living with a mild form of the disease (when plaques affect less than 3% of the body) can have significant inflammation in the body. Data show that people with mild, moderate or severe psoriasis may experience psoriatic arthritis and other concomitant diseases.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_1

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_2

That is why the treatment of psoriasis is so important. Effective treatment of the disease not only relieves skin symptoms, but will also help to reduce inflammation in the body, which can otherwise lead to other diseases. These other diseases are often called comorbidities.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_3

Comorbidity is a disease or condition that arises due to or is associated with a health condition that we have, such as psoriasis. Common comorbidities of psoriasis include:

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_4

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">psoriatic arthritis,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">cardiovascular (heart) diseases,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">metabolic syndrome,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">mental health problems.</li>
</ul>

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_5

If you do not see an improvement in your symptoms after three to six months of treatment, you need to discuss other options for therapy or changes in the current treatment with your dermatologist. The goal is to reduce the severity of the disease so that the plaques cover only 1% or less of a person's body within three months of starting treatment. [<a href="https://www.psoriasis.org/why-treat/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_6

Treatment of psoriasis depends on the location, type and severity of the disease. It includes a wide range of local medications, including tar, anthralin (dithranol), local corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, retinoids and over-the-counter preparations. Phototherapy with UBV and PUVA is used for cases where more extensive parts of the skin are affected.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_7

Common systemic therapies include methotrexate, retinoids, fumarates and cyclosporine. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Psoriasis_14988763" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>] It should be taken into account that these medicines may have severe side effects, for example methotrexate can lead to liver problems (hepatotoxicity).

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_8

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_9

Topical therapies such as corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues and Tazarotene - a type of retinoid,&nbsp;are useful for treating mild to moderate psoriasis. More severe psoriasis can be treated with phototherapy or may require systemic therapy.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_10

Biological therapies, including inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), may be effective in severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, but they exhibit significant adverse effects and require regular monitoring.

Treatment-of-psoriasis---it's-not-the-usual-skin-problem_2_11

Treatment of psoriasis should be individualized and may include combinations of different medications and phototherapy. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Psoriasis_23668525" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 3</a>]

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis

Is tar an effective treatment of psoriasis

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_0

The use of medicinal tar for dermatological problems dates back to ancient times. Although coal tar is used more often in modern dermatology, wood also finds widespread application.

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_1

Tar is mainly used to treat chronic plaque psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis, alone or in combination with other drugs, phototherapy or both.

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_2

Many modifications of tar-containing preparations have been created to satisfy the needs of patients, since some people do not like its smell, as well as its difficult use in unchanged form, and last but not least - the coloring of clothes.

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_3

Some studies prove the carcinogenicity of tar, but epidemiological studies do not confirm similar results when the substance is used topically on the skin. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Topical_tar_back_to_the_future_19185953" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_4

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_5

Clinical experience does not give a definitive answer to the question of whether all or most tars are effective in the treatment of psoriasis. The information supports both points of view. But the following statements seem true:

Is-tar-an-effective-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_6

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tar alone can be useful for a subset of individuals with mild to moderate psoriasis. Since the majority of psoriasis patients have a milder form of the disease, this group numerically represents the majority of patients treated. For these patients, tar treatment seems a reasonable solution in appropriate clinical circumstances.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Raw coal tar is probably no more useful than modified tar or tar gels. These improved drugs are much better perceived by patients and they follow the prescribed treatment more diligently.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">In general, the potential severity of tar side effects is less than that of anthraline and much less than that of local corticosteroids.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Clinical experience confirms that tar preparations can be effective when other medications are not or cannot be used due to adverse effects.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Tar shampoos are considered useful therapeutic agents for active cleansing therapy and maintenance.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">When combined with suberitogenic UVB, tar can be a useful agent. It has fewer side effects in terms of burning and irritation than just aggressive ultraviolet therapy.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Practically speaking, the majority of patients do not require or do not have access to a convenient controlled outpatient therapy with ultraviolet light. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8435907/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]</li>
</ul>

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis

Scientific data on the success of herbal treatment of psoriasis

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_0

According to an article [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Apoptotic_or_Antiproliferative_Activity_of_Natural_Products_against_Keratinocytes_for_the_Treatment_of_Psoriasis_31137673" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>] published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences in 2019, the meta-analysis of clinical studies shows that aloe vera, indigo naturalis (a Chinese herb also called Qing dai), kukui oil (Indian walnut or candlenut, Aleurites moluccana), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and capsaicin are the most effective medical plants/substances for topical use in the treatment of psoriasis.

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_1

These natural products can relieve psoriatic lesions by molecular mechanisms, which are associated with apoptosis (programmed cell death), inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) and suppression of inflammation.

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_2

Anthrachinins, polysaccharides, vitamins and salicylic acid are the active ingredients of aloe vera, which exhibit itch-relieveing and anti-inflammatory effects. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28815560/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 9</a>]

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_3

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_4

Ointment from indigo naturalis is effective for relieving the symptoms of patients with psoriasis, due to the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of indirubin from this herbal extract.

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_5

Kukui oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, shows an anti-inflammatory effect. [<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16101874/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 10</a>]

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_6

Mahonia aquifolium extract - known as Oregon grapes -contains isoquinoline alkaloid, which inhibits hyperproliferation (excessive growth of skin cells) and inflammation in plaque psoriasis.

Scientific-data-on-the-success-of-herbal-treatment-of-psoriasis_2_7

Capsaicin can relieve redness and itching in patients with psoriasis.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis

What is psoriatic arthritis

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_0

Psoriatic arthritis&nbsp;[<a href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/psoriatic-arthritis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>] (also called arthropathic psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy) affects approximately 24 people per 10,000.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_1

Between 5 and 10% of people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis, according to most estimates. Some studies suggest that the frequency reaches even 30%.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_2

It is not clear exactly how the condition is inherited, but about 40% of psoriatic arthritis sufferers have a close relative with psoriasis.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_3

Signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis include stiff, painful joints with redness, heat and swelling in the surrounding tissues. When the hands and feet are affected, this can lead to swelling of the fingers (dactylitis).

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_4

In most people with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis occurs before joint problems develop. Usually psoriasis begins during adolescence or at a young age, and psoriatic arthritis most often occurs between the ages of 30 and 50 years. However, both conditions can occur at any age. In a small number of cases psoriatic arthritis develops in the absence of noticeable skin changes.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_5

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_6

Psoriatic arthritis can be difficult to distinguish from other forms of arthritis, especially when skin changes are minimal or lacking. Changes in nails and dactylitis are the two special characteristics of psoriatic arthritis, although they do not occur in all cases.

What-is-psoriatic-arthritis_3_7

Some people with psoriatic arthritis suffer from spondylitis, which is inflammation in the joints between the vertebrae in the spine. Symptoms of this form of the disease include pain and stiffness in the back or neck and movement is often impaired. Joints in the arms, legs and feet may also be involved.

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis

What causes psoriatic arthritis

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_0

The specific cause of psoriatic arthritis is unknown. Its signs and symptoms are the result of excessive inflammation in and around the joints. Inflammation occurs when the immune system sends signaling molecules and white blood cells to a site of injury or infection to fight microbial invaders and facilitate tissue recovery.

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_1

Under normal conditions, at some point the body stops the inflammatory reaction to prevent damage to its own cells and tissues. Mechanical stress on the joints, as manifested by movement, can lead to an excessive inflammatory response in people with psoriatic arthritis. The causes of this excessive inflammatory response are unclear.

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_2

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_3

The researchers found changes in several genes - which can affect the risk of developing psoriatic arthritis. The best ones studied by these genes belong to a family of genes called the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA). The HLA complex helps the immune system distinguish the body's own proteins from proteins produced by foreign invaders (such as viruses <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_baktieriia_i_virus_i_kakvo_tochno_ie_klietkata_f496ccd4_1ffa_42b5_bd7a_73a56893200d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">and bacteria</a>).

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_4

Each HLA gene has many different normal variations, allowing everyone's immune system to respond to a wide range of foreign <a href="/p/kakva_ie_razlikata_miezhdu_bieltk_i_protiein_b1b6b96e_e340_46d2_9768_ac9fa8cd6adc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">proteins</a>. Variations of several HLA genes appear to affect the risk of developing psoriatic arthritis, as well as the type, severity and progression of the condition.

What-causes-psoriatic-arthritis_4_5

Variations in several other genes are also associated with psoriatic arthritis. It is thought that many of these genes play a role in the function of the immune system. Deviations in these genes probably only make a small contribution to the overall risk of developing psoriatic arthritis. Other genetic and environmental factors may also affect aperson's chances of developing this disease.