Bleeding, also known as a hemorrhage, haemorrhage, or simply blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, vagina or anus, or through a wound in the skin.

Hypovolemia is a massive decrease in blood volume, and death by excessive loss of blood is referred to as exsanguination. Typically, a healthy person can endure a loss of 10–15% of the total ...

hemorrhage

Why-vision-is-extremely-important

Why vision is extremely important 

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Our eyes receive light from the world around us and send visual information to the brain. The eyes can see at about 200 degrees in all directions, including in front of you and on the side (peripheral vision). Parts of your eyes work together to allow you to see images, movement, and depth.&nbsp;

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Did you also know that our eyes are adapted to see about 7 million shades of color? About 80% of the information from our surroundings that reaches the brain comes from them. The visual cortex is located at the back of the brain and is the main part that receives, integrates and processes visual information that the retina of the eye transmits.

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Many conditions can affect eye work, including common vision problems such as myopia (myopia), astigmatism, and eye injuries. Several diseases and disorders that are not necessarily related to the eyes can cause problems with them, including autoimmune diseases, <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2015/734527/" target="_blank" data-ref="Pathogenesis of Common Ocular Diseases" rel="noopener">diabetes, and high blood pressure.</a>&nbsp;[ref. 1]&nbsp;

Components-of-the-human-eye

Components of the human eye 

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The different components of our eyes are:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iris - the colored area of the eye. Depending on the color of your eyes, the iris can be in any shade of blue, green, hazelnut or brown.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cornea - a transparent layer that extends over the iris. Water and collagen make up the cornea. And the tears protect the cornea and keep it well lubricated.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pupil - the black circle that is in the middle of your iris. It expands and shrinks to control how much light enters the eye.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sclera - the white parts of the eye that surround the iris.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Conjunctiva - a clean, thin fabric that covers the sclera and outlines the inside of the eyelids.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A lens that sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that enters your eye and sends light to the back of the eye.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Retina - a set of cells that cover the inner part of the back of the eye. Part of your nervous system, the retina senses light and converts it into electrical impulses or neural signals. The retina has sticks (cells that help you see in low light) and cones (cells that recognize color).</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Macula - a small area that is part of the retina. It is responsible for central vision and helps you see fine details and color.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">An optic nerve that's behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to the brain, which then interprets this visual information to tell you what you see.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Muscles controling the position and movement of your eye, how much light enters the eye, and the ability of the eyes to focus.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vitreous body - a transparent gel that fills your entire eye. Protects and maintains the shape of the eye.</li></ol>

Health-conditions-affecting-the-function-of-the-eyes

Health conditions affecting the function of the eyes

Health-conditions-affecting-the-function-of-the-eyes_2_0

There are hundreds of conditions, disorders, diseases, and injuries that affect the eyes. This is another reason to act preventively against them, and not to seek solutions only when they are present.

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Conditions that affect the eyes include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Age changes in vision: Your eyes change with age. In some cases, cataracts, macular degeneration, or detached retina may occur. Presbyopia (loss of close focal vision) usually begins to affect people around the age of 45.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cancer: Tumors can be the result of intraocular&nbsp;melanoma and retinoblastoma.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diseases: Many types of eye diseases can affect the eyes, including congenital (available at birth) cataracts, glaucoma and optic atrophy.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Infection and irritation: conjunctivitis, blepharitis, barley, and dry eyes cause redness, swelling, and discomfort. Eye tearing can be obtained when the eye does not drain tears properly or the eyes are irritated or dry.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hereditary diseases: pigment retinitis is an inherited condition that can lead to blindness.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Injuries: Corneal abrasion&nbsp;and detached retina can be the result of an eye injury. Accidents can cause bleeding from the eyes and irritation. Foreign objects can also damage the eye.</li></ul>

Symptoms-of-eye-diseases---how-to-recognize-signs

Symptoms of eye diseases - how to recognize signs

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There are various signals that indicate eye problems, for example:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eye pain, redness, swelling, bleeding, or secretion.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eyes that cross or point in different directions.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eyes that are itching or very dry.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Flashes of light, especially in peripheral vision.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Headaches and squint.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Inability to move the eyes or open or close the eyelid.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lots of spots or one dark spot in the middle of the field of vision.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sensitivity to light or vision problems in low light.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Changes in vision, including cloudy or blurred vision</li></ul>

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks

Living and working in front of a computer screen - what are the risks

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks_4_0

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Most people know that the sun can hurt our eyes, but they are not aware of any other problematic bright lights emitted by computer screens. In short, these screens are much less harmful than the sun. This is because screens are not as bright as the sun, and newer screens usually do not produce UV rays - the most harmful kind of light the sun emits. Instead, the most important light that screens produce is high-energy blue light with a short wavelength.

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks_4_2

In the short term, blue light is mostly associated with potentially causing eye strain. &nbsp;<a href="http://www.ijo.cn/gjyken/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20181220&amp;flag=1" target="_blank" data-ref="Research progress about the effect and prevention of blue light on eyes" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; According to the American Optometric Association, this is not usually a serious problem and can mostly be solved by usually shifting your gaze from the screen, as well as more time out in the wild.

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks_4_3

In the short term, it is known that staring at screens for a long time causes computer vision syndrome. This condition can be irritating and even detrimental to a person's work and daily activities. Potentially cause:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Severe headache.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eye strain.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blurred vision.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dry eyes.</li></ul>This syndrome is not actually caused only by exposure to blue light; it is caused by a combination of factors. The first factor is the duration of exposure, i.e. exposure to a screen. At least seven hours in front of the screen, we can talk about prolonged exposure. The problem is compounded by the fact that many people, unfortunately, have a habit of maintaining a bad posture while staring at the work screen.

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks_4_5

There is something to be done to avoid this problem with vision during prolonged operation of a computer:

Living-and-working-in-front-of-a-computer-screen---what-are-the-risks_4_6

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">There are many tables and articles online with instructions on how to properly sit in front of your computer. Posture and proper distance from your PC can really help reduce eye strain. Although you may not notice an immediate difference, you will feel the effect of good posture and ergonomics over time. Important are the distances of the chair from the floor, on the desk, the corners under which your legs and elbows will sit, do you have lumbar support, and others.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Try to choose lights for your workspace or home properly so that the level of light in the room is approximately equal to how much light your screen will produce. Contrasting levels of light, such as being in a dark room while looking at a bright screen, can load the eyes faster.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Practice the rule 20-20-20. This simple rule can help with eye strain. All you have to do is take a break every 20 minutes to stare at an object about 20 meters away for at least 20 seconds. This helps to give your eyes a break by focusing on a bright screen that's near you.</li></ul>

When-working-from-home

When working from home 

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After the global coronavirus pandemic, a huge number of people switched to a home or hybrid model of work. This implies even more time in front of the computer screen for appointments and tasks. Therefore, we recommend:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Frequent screen breaks throughout the day.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Walk around the room or building every 20 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mute notifications from mobile devices to spend less time staring at them.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Use of moisturizing eye drops or artificial tears.</li></ul>Some studies have suggested that in the long run, blue light from screens can also damage retinal cells, leading to problems such as age-related macular degeneration. The extent of this problem is not fully understood, but prevention is the best solution, and may include a complex of measures. We'il describe them next.

Eye-health-with-the-right-foods-and-exercises

Eye health with the right foods and exercises 

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Being proactive about eye health will pay off over time. Therefore, the most important steps are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Regular consumption of vegetables &ndash; leafy dark greens are the most suitable.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Protect the eyes &ndash; at work, sports, going outside &ndash; with the right glasses will protect the eyes. If you are swimming, you can also put on glasses. When walking, ordinary dioptric sunglasses are suitable. When riding a bike, there is a specific type of glasses.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Wear sunglasses &ndash; UVA and UVB rays are just as harmful to the eyes as they are to the skin.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Observe good hygiene &ndash; wash your hands before touching your eyes. Whether you are putting on contact lenses, trying to remove an eyelash, or just having a slight irritation, it is important to wash your hands thoroughly before making physical eye contact.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Maintain a healthy body &ndash; Your eyes are part of your body, so it makes sense that they are affected by other unhealthy habits. Proper nutrition, maintaining healthy body weight and regular physical activity help your eyes stay in good condition. Nutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc, and vitamins A and E are among the most important to your eyes.</li></ul>

Eyes are a window into the world that we must protect properly. This actually means providing important nutrients, remedies for different conditions, regular ophthalmic examinations, and eye sun protection all year round. This topic will be increasingly relevant against the background of the thousands of hours we spend in front of computers or mobile screens. It is also important not to forget to give rest to the eyes and to be informed about various eye diseases.

Keep Your Eyes Healthy With The Right Foods and Exercises

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Бетина Цветкова

What-are-the-causes-of-hair-loss?

What are the causes of hair loss?

What-are-the-causes-of-hair-loss?_0_0

People who experience hair loss after a sars-CoV-2 infection may notice large hairballs falling off during their daily combing or while washing their hair. The phenomenon is known as telogen effluvium but is not strictly specific to coronavirus infection.

What-are-the-causes-of-hair-loss?_0_1

About 90 percent of the hairs on our scalp are in a growth phase called anagen, and about 10 percent of the hairs are in a resting phase called telogen. On our scalp, the anagen lasts about three years, and then the hairs begin to pass into telogen, which lasts between two to six months. At the end of the telogen, our hairs are separated from their follicles and gradually replaced by new anagen hairs. Then the growth cycle continues.

What-are-the-causes-of-hair-loss?_0_2

On average, people lose about 100 to 150 hairs a day. But when a person experiences a stressful event, including COVID-19 infection, our bodies can prematurely move more of the normal part of growing homogeneous hairs into a telogen state of rest. "Instead of the usual 10 percent of hairs that are in the rest and fall phase, up to 50 percent of hairs rest and fall, which is much more than normal," says Powell Perng, M.D., a dermatologist and hair loss specialist (alopecia) at Utah Health University. &nbsp;<a href="https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2022/02/long-covid.php" target="_blank" data-ref="Understanding Post-COVID Conditions " rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

What-are-the-causes-of-hair-loss?_0_3

Scalp-condition-changes-after-illness

Scalp condition changes after illness 

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As already mentioned, sudden and temporary hair loss has a medical name: telogen effluvium. This occurs when stress or illness causes much more dripping than the typical 50 to 100 hairs a person loses per day. It is not specific to Covid-19, however: experts have known for a long time that severe illness, surgery, blood loss, hospitalization, childbirth, and extreme emotional events, such as the loss of a loved one, can cause telogen effluvium. Researchers found that people with a history of Covid-19 infection were four times more likely to develop hair loss than those who were not infected. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-01909-w" target="_blank" data-ref="Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults - Nature Medicine" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Scalp-condition-changes-after-illness_1_1

We don't know the complete explanation of how these physical and emotional stressors cause telogen effluvium. Many dermatologists believe the stress hormone cortisol may play a role, although there may be other chemicals that tell hair follicles it's time to fall, according to Dr. Luis Garza, a professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03417-2?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=72556022-f732-4c24-a39f-a727fe91d36f" target="_blank" data-ref="Corticosterone inhibits GAS6 to govern hair follicle stem-cell quiescence - Nature" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

Scalp-condition-changes-after-illness_1_2

In normal times, each of your hair goes through three phases &ndash; a growth phase called an anagen phase, a transient or catagenic phase, and a phase of rest, also known as the telogen phase &ndash; after which the thread falls and the follicle repeats the whole process. Threads pass through different phases of the cycle at different times; only five to 10 percent of your hair should be in the telogen phase at any given time.

Scalp-condition-changes-after-illness_1_3

COVID-19-infection-and-hair-loss

COVID-19 infection and hair loss 

COVID-19-infection-and-hair-loss_2_0

Unlike most COVID symptoms that occur days or weeks after infection, you will usually notice hair loss two to three months later. In general, cases of telogen efflovium, other than COVID, cause the hair to begin to fall out after about three months.

COVID-19-infection-and-hair-loss_2_1

According to published reports, hair loss after a COVID-19 infection can occur a little earlier than usual. Other <a href="https://secure.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/action/cookieAbsent" target="_blank" data-ref="DEFINE_ME" rel="noopener">studies also reported</a> faster recovery, about two to three months compared to an average of six months. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jaadinternational.org/article/S2666-3287(21)00056-0/fulltext" target="_blank" data-ref="Trichodynia and telogen effluvium in COVID-19 patients: Results of an international expert opinion survey on diagnosis and management" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;

COVID-19-infection-and-hair-loss_2_2

Since more hair follicles than normal are in a latent phase and have begun to separate, people usually see changes in their hair with each hair movement and combing. Initially, hairballs will appear when combing your hair or after a shower. Then the hair will begin to thin within a few weeks, after having such balls with hair.

COVID-19-infection-and-hair-loss_2_3

It is important to remember that the fall of hair is due to a disruption of the growth-regeneration process, not actual hair damage. The hair will grow again over time, because the follicles are still there.

How-long-does-COVID-hair-loss-last?

How long does COVID hair loss last? 

How-long-does-COVID-hair-loss-last?_2_0

For those interested, the good news is that COVID-related hair loss is generally a temporary problem and eventually the hair will grow back. However, patience is needed, as re-growth can take six to nine months and possibly up to 18 months.&nbsp;

How-long-does-COVID-hair-loss-last?_2_1

Usually women are more severely affected, and in this regard we need to take into account the role of hormones. Estrogen and progesterone, female hormones, may play a role in hair loss during COVID-19, since most such patients are women. They have anti-inflammatory effects, as estradiol acts on hair follicles to enhance their growth and improve hair cycle. Progesterone can reduce the conversion of testosterone into its active form, which in turn is associated with alopecia.

How-long-does-COVID-hair-loss-last?_2_2

Therefore, in the acute phase of COVID-19, the balance of these hormones can change, causing a decrease in their levels leading to hair loss in women.&nbsp;

How-to-deal-with-hair-loss-after-COVID-19-with-natural-methods

How to deal with hair loss after COVID-19 with natural methods

How-to-deal-with-hair-loss-after-COVID-19-with-natural-methods_2_0

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Onion juice - The idea is that sulfur in onion juice helps restore hair. There is not much research on this, but a small study tests it in people with alopecia areata, which causes stain hair loss. Half put onion juice on their scalp twice a day; others used tap water. After 2 weeks, 74% of the group who used onion juice had more new hairs, compared to 13% of tap water users.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iron - This extremely important nutrient helps the body to produce blood, and its low levels are associated with hair loss. The reason for this is not clear, so consume iron-rich foods such as meat, fish, poultry, tofu, broccoli, and all kinds of vegetables. However, talk to your doctor before taking iron-containing pills. In high doses, iron can cause vomiting and constipation.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Biotin - Some doctors prescribe biotin (aka vitamin B7) for hair loss and to achieve good results. Eggs, wheat germ, and mushrooms contain a large amount of biotin.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zinc - Since zinc helps most processes in the body that keep you alive, it's no surprise that it also strengthens the follicles under your scalp that nourish your hair. Your body has no way to store zinc, so you need a little of it in your diet every day. If zinc levels are low, there is some evidence that taking zinc orally can help with hair loss, but more research is needed.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aromatherapy - Sandalwood oils [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15988" target="_blank" data-ref="Santalum album" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a> ], lavender [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14546" target="_blank" data-ref="Lavandula" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a> ], rosemary [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14703" target="_blank" data-ref="Rosmarinus" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a> ] and thyme [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14334" target="_blank" data-ref="Thymus" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;] are used to treat hair loss for more than 100 years. It is believed that compounds in them stimulate hair growth. You can try rubbing one or more of these oils into your scalp for at least 2 minutes each night. Then wrap your head with a warm cloth to soak.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hair mask with aloe vera and fenugreek - Fenugreek seeds [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14762" target="_blank" data-ref="Trigonella" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a> ] have a high content of proteins known to be useful against hair loss and dandruff, as well as in the treatment of dry hair, baldness, and thinning hair. Aloe Vera [ <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14536" target="_blank" data-ref="Aloe vera" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp;is widely known as the "elixir of life". These two ingredients together will make the perfect hair mask and counteract hair loss. To do this, soak 1 tablespoon of fenugreek seeds in warm water. Make a paste by mixing it with 2 tablespoons of aloe vera gel in a blender after the fenugreek seeds are soaked for an hour in water. Massage this paste into the scalp and hold for 30 minutes before washing.</li></ul>

As the coronavirus continues to infect people around the world, many people fall victim to hair loss months later. This development makes many people wonder if COVID can cause hair loss and actually turns out to be able to. After a while, normal hair growth recovers and it thickens again, but it is good to consult a doctor if hair loss lasts more than three months. The reason for it may be different.&nbsp; Meanwhile, for those who are ill with COVID, there are many natural methods and means to try to improve the condition of the hair.

How to Deal with Hair Loss After COVID-19 - Natural Methods and Tools

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What-is-anemia

What is anemia 

What-is-anemia_0_0

Anemia is a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells in the body. They carry oxygen into the body using a certain protein called hemoglobin. Anemia means that either the level of red blood cells, or the level of hemoglobin is lower than normal.&nbsp;

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When a person has anemia, his heart needs to work harder than usual to pump the necessary amount of blood and thus provide enough oxygen in the body.

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During increased physical activity or exercise, cells may not be able to carry enough oxygen to satisfy the needs of the body, and a person may get exhausted and feel unwell. Even breathlessness and rapid heartbeat when climbing stairs can be signals of probable anemia. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/henrys-clinical-diagnosis-and-management-by-laboratory-methods/mcpherson/978-0-323-67320-4" target="_blank" data-ref="Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods - 24th EditionSearchSupportView Cart" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Symptoms-of-anemia

Symptoms of anemia 

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Depending on the severity, symptoms of anaemia may include &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.14092" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pale skin</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Fatigue</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weakness</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Easy tiredness</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Breathlessness</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drop in blood pressure when standing up from a sitting or lying position (orthostatic hypotension) – this can also happen after acute blood loss</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Common headaches</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rapid heart beat or palpitations</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Irritability</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Concentration difficulties</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Loss of appetite</li></ul>

Types-of-anemia

Types of anemia

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Different types of anaemia include:&nbsp;<a href="https://bmjopengastro.bmj.com/content/9/1/e000759" target="_blank" data-ref="Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia due to folate deficiency (folic acid)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia due to iron deficiency</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia in chronic disease</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hemolytic anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Idiopathic aplastic anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Megaloblastic anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Malignant anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sickle cell anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thalassemia</li></ul>

Types-of-anemia_2_2

Causes-of-development-of-anemia

Causes of development of anemia 

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Anemia can develop for many reasons, including:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nutritional deficiency – lack of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Malabsorption – when the body is unable to properly absorb or use the nutrients in the diet caused by conditions such as celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, gluten intolerance and others</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hereditary diseases – such as thalassaemia or sickle cell anemia</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, in which immune cells attack red blood cells and reduce their life expectancy</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diseases of the kidneys</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chronic diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bone marrow disorders</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood loss – due to trauma, surgery, peptic ulcer, severe menstruation, cancer (in particular bowel cancer) or frequent blood donation</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Medicines and medications – including alcohol, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs or anticoagulants</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mechanical destruction – mechanical heart valves can damage red blood cells, reducing their life expectancy</li></ul>

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Treatment of different types of anemia 

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After diagnosing and determining the type of anemia by blood tests, examination, gastroscopy or colonoscopy, urine tests and others, the appropriate treatment is switched. It aims to increase the number of red blood cells of a person, which increases the amount of oxygen in the blood.

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So, according to the type of anemia a person has, treatment can include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iron deficiency anemia: Iron supplements and dietary changes can help. The doctor should also identify and address the cause of any unusual bleeding, if any.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vitamin deficiency anemia: Treatment may include dietary supplements and injections of vitamin B12.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thalassemia: Treatment includes folic acid supplements, chelated forms of iron and, for some people, blood transfusion and bone marrow transplantation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anemia due to a chronic disease: treatment is directed first to the management of the underlying disease.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aplastic anemia: Treatment of aplastic anemia involves blood transfusion or bone marrow transplantation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sickle cell anemia: Doctors treat this type of anemia with oxygen therapy, pain relief drugs and intravenous infusions. They can also prescribe antibiotics, folic acid supplements and other means.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Hemolytic anemia: The treatment plan may include immunosuppressants, infection treatment and plasmapheresis, which filters the blood.</li></ul>

For example, if anemia is caused by dietary deficiencies, correcting the cause and using appropriate supplements for several weeks or months will resolve the condition. Relapses may occur, so changes in diet and longer intake of supplements may be necessary. In other cases, anemia can be permanent and lifelong treatment is necessary. Specialist hematologist will give the most complete and up-to-date information about this type of health problems.

Anemia: Symptoms, Types, Causes and Dagnostics

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The benefits of fish oil in a nutshell 

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Fish oil is an animal oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oil contains omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenic acid (DHA), ancestors of some eicosanoids. For them, they have been found to reduce inflammation in the body and help reduce triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemia.

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In addition, omega fatty acids contribute to slowing the development of plaque in the arteries, reduce the likelihood of abnormal heart beat, the likelihood of heart attack and stroke and associated complications. Their anti-inflammatory effect has long been proven in numerous studies. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6407714/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]

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Taking up to 3000-5000 mg. omega-3 per day is rather safe, although such a high intake is probably not necessary for most people. However, consuming too much fish oil can negatively affect your health and lead to side effects such as high blood sugar and an increased risk of bleeding. There are other potential risks that we will explore next.

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Side Effects Of Taking Too Much Fish Oil 

High-blood-pressure

High blood pressure 

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Some research has shown that taking large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids can increase blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. A small study, for example, found that taking 8 grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day leads to a 22% increase in blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes over an eight-week period. [&nbsp;<a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/12/4/276/1556/Elevated-Plasma-Glucose-and-Lowered-Triglyceride" target="_blank" data-ref="Elevated Plasma Glucose and Lowered Triglyceride Levels From Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Type II Diabetes" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp; This is because large doses of omega-3 can stimulate glucose production, which can contribute to high blood sugar levels in the long term.

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On the other hand, 20 different studies found that daily doses of up to 3.9 grams of EPA and 3.7 grams of DHA - the two main forms of omega-3 fatty acids - had no effect on blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. [&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26431431/" target="_blank" data-ref="Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Glucose Control and Lipid Levels in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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Bleeding

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Bleeding gums and nosebleeds are two of the distinctive side effects of excessive fish oil consumption. One study in 56 people found that supplementation of 640 mg. fish oil per day for a period of four weeks reduces blood clotting in healthy adults. [ [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0032-1333309" target="_blank" data-ref="Thieme E-Journals - Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis / Abstract" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;]

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Low blood pressure

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The ability of fish oil to lower blood pressure is well documented.

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A study of 90 people on dialysis found that taking 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared to placebo. Similarly, an analysis of 31 studies concluded that taking fish oil can effectively lower blood pressure, especially in those with high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/01.CIR.88.2.523" target="_blank" data-ref="Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials." rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;]

Diarrhea

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Diarrhea is one of the most common side effects associated with excessive fish oil intake, and can be especially prevalent when taking high doses. In fact, a scientific review reports that diarrhea is one of the most common undesirable effects of fish oil, among other digestive symptoms such as flatulence. [&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24391388/" target="_blank" data-ref="Overview of omega-3 Fatty Acid therapies - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

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Acid reflux 

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Although fish oil is known for its powerful effects on heart health, many people report feeling heartburn once they start taking fish oil supplements.&nbsp;

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Other symptoms of acid reflux - including belching, nausea and stomach discomfort - are common side effects of too much fish oil.

Stroke

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Hemorrhagic stroke is a condition characterized by bleeding in the brain, usually caused by rupture of weakened blood vessels.

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Some animal studies have found that high intake of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the ability of blood to clot and increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.

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Toxic Levels of Vitamin A  

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Some types of supplements with omega-3 fatty acids are high in vitamin A, which can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

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For example, just one tablespoon (14 grams) of cod liver oil can provide up to 270% of your daily vitamin A needs in one serving. Toxicity of vitamin A can cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, joint pain and skin irritation.

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Several studies have found that taking moderate doses of fish oil can improve sleep quality. A study of 395 children, for example, showed that taking 600 mg. omega-3 fatty acids daily for 16 weeks helps to improve sleep quality.&nbsp;

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In other cases, however, taking too much fish oil can actually interfere with sleep and contribute to insomnia, especially in people with anxiety and depression.&nbsp;

Despite proven anti-inflammatory effects, fish oil can also bring some negatives to your health. There are different recommendations in different countries, but most health organizations recommend taking at least 250-500 milligrams of combined EPA and DHA daily, the two main forms of omega-3 fatty acids. Higher amount up to 5000 mg. daily can be consumed on a medical recommendation, but not above them, as this can impose the beforementioned side effects.