Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine. When it arises, the condition begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy. In severe cases of the disease there may be red blood cell breakdown, a low blood platelet count, impaired liver function, kidney dysfunction, swelling, shortness of breath due to fluid in the lungs, or visual disturbances. Pre-eclampsia increases the risk of poor outcomes for both ...

pre-eclampsia

Spirulina-is-extremely-rich-in-multiple-nutrients

Spirulina is extremely rich in multiple nutrients

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Spirulina is an organism that grows in both fresh and saltwater. It is a type of cyanobacteria, which is a family of single-celled microbes, often called blue-green algae. Just like plants, cyanobacteria produces energy from sunlight through photosynthesis. &nbsp;<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" target="_blank" data-ref="Фотосинтеза &ndash; Уикипедия" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Spirulina has been consumed since the ancient Aztecs, but became popular again when NASA suggested it could be grown in space for use by astronauts. <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19890016190" target="_blank" data-ref="Characterization of Spirulina biomass for CELSS diet potential - NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;The standard daily dose of spirulina is 1-3 grams, but doses up to 10 grams per day are effectively used. This small algae is full of nutrients - one tablespoon (7 grams) of dried spirulina powder contains the following nutrients:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Protein: 4 grams (the quality of the protein in spirulina is considered excellent - comparable to eggs. It provides all the essential amino acids you need)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vitamin B1 (thiamine): 11% of RDA (RDA means dietary reference intake)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vitamin B2 (riboflavin): 15% of RDA</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Vitamin B3 (niacin): 4% of RDA</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Honey: 21% of RDA</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iron: 11% of RDA</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">It also contains decent amounts of magnesium, potassium and manganese and small amounts of almost all other nutrients you need.</li></ul>In only 7 g spirulina contains 20 calories and 1.7 grams of digestible carbohydrates. All this leads some researchers to believe that spirulina may be the most nutritious food on the planet.

Spirulina-has-powerful-antioxidant-and-anti-inflammatory-properties

Spirulina has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties

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Oxidative damage can impair your DNA and cells, as well as can cause chronic inflammation that contributes to cancer and other diseases. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0891584910005381" target="_blank" data-ref="ScienceDirectScience DirectScienceDirect helpElsevierRELX Group" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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Spirulina is a fantastic source of antioxidants that can protect against oxidative damage. Its main active component is called phycocyanin. This antioxidant substance gives spirulina its unique blue-green color. Phycocyanin can fight free radicals and inhibit the production of inflammatory signaling molecules, providing impressive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

May-lower-levels-of-'bad'-LDL-cholesterol-and-triglycerides

May lower levels of 'bad' LDL cholesterol and triglycerides

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Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Many risk factors are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. As it turns out, spirulina positively affects many of these factors. For example, it can lower total cholesterol, "bad" LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, while raising levels of "good" HDL cholesterol.

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In a study of 25 people with type 2 diabetes, 2 grams of spirulina per day significantly improved these markers, and in another study in people with high cholesterol, it was found that 1 gram of spirulina per day lowered triglycerides by 16.3% and "bad" LDL by 10.1%. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23754631/" target="_blank" data-ref="The hypolipidaemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; And so we get to the next point related to cholesterol levels.

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Protects-'bad'-LDL-cholesterol-from-oxidation

Protects 'bad' LDL cholesterol from oxidation

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The fat structures in your body are susceptible to oxidative damage. This phenomenon is known as lipid peroxidation, a key driver of many serious diseases, including atherosclerosis, IBD, asthma, Parkinson's disease, kidney damage, preeclampsia. For example, one of the key steps in the development of heart disease is the oxidation of "bad" LDL cholesterol, and in several studies it has been found that antioxidants in spirulina are especially effective for reducing lipid peroxidation in both humans and animals. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320919/" target="_blank" data-ref="Effect of Spirulina Intervention on Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Status, and Lipid Profile in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

Spirulina-may-have-anticancer-properties

Spirulina may have anticancer properties

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Some evidence suggests that spirulina has anticancer properties. Animal studies have shown that it can prevent the onset of cancer and reduce the size of the tumor. The effects of spirulina on oral cancer - or mouth cancer - have been particularly well studied. One study examined 87 people from India with pre-cancerous lesions - called oral submuxal fibrosis - in the mouth. Among those who took 1 gram of spirulina per day for a year, 45% saw their lesions disappear - compared to just 7% in the control group. When these people stop taking spirulina, almost half of them have lesions again in the following year. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8584455/" target="_blank" data-ref="Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis - PubMed" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Spirulina-may-reduce-blood-pressure

Spirulina may reduce blood pressure

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High blood pressure is a major driver of many serious diseases, including heart attacks, strokes and chronic kidney disease. While 1 gram of spirulina is ineffective, a dose of 4.5 grams per day&nbsp; has been shown to reduce blood pressure in people with normal blood pressure levels. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Antihyperlipemic_and_antihypertensive_effects_of_Spirulina_maxima_in_an_open_sample_of_Mexican_population_a_preliminary_report_18039384" target="_blank" data-ref="Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report." rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; This decrease is thought to be due to increased production of nitric oxide, a signaling molecule that helps your blood vessels relax and dilate.

Spirulina-improves-symptoms-of-allergic-rhinitis

Spirulina improves symptoms of allergic rhinitis

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Allergic rhinitis is characterized by inflammation in the nasal passages and other symptoms such as a stuffed nose, itching, tearful eyes and others. These reactions are triggered by environmental allergens, such as pollen, animal hair or even wheat dust.

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Spirulina also contributes here - it is a popular alternative treatment for symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and there is evidence that it can be an effective tool for reducing symptoms such as nasal discharge, sneezing, stuffy nose and itching.

Spirulina-can-be-an-effective-remedy-against-anemia

Spirulina can be an effective remedy against anemia

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There are many different forms of anemia, the most common being characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood. In a study of 40 adults with a history of anemia, spirulina supplements increased the hemoglobin content of red blood cells and improved immune function. Keep in mind that this is just one study. More studies are needed before serious conclusions can be drawn. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012879/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available - PMCTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubSM-TwitterSM-FacebookSM-Youtube" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;

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Spirulina-Can-Improve-Muscle-Strength-and-Endurance

Spirulina Can Improve Muscle Strength and Endurance

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Exercise-triggered oxidative damage is a major contributor to muscle fatigue. Some plant foods have antioxidant properties that can help athletes and physically active people reduce this damage. Spirulina may also be useful in this regard, as some studies have shown an improvement in muscle strength and endurance when taking it. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Impact_of_Dietary_Antioxidants_on_Sport_Performance_A_Review_25790792" target="_blank" data-ref="Impact of Dietary Antioxidants on Sport Performance: A Review." rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;

Spirulina-may-help-control-blood-sugar

Spirulina may help control blood sugar

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Animal studies have linked spirulina to a significant decrease in blood sugar levels. <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/us/eng/research/pubmed/Spirulina_maxima_prevents_fatty_liver_formation_in_CD_1_male_and_female_mice_with_experimental_diabetes_11508645" target="_blank" data-ref="Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with experimental diabetes." rel="noopener">[ref.</a>&nbsp;9]&nbsp; In some cases, it outperforms popular diabetes medicines, including metformin. There is also a limited amount&nbsp; of data showing that spirulina may be effective in humans, but more research is needed to confirm the effects.

Spirulina is a type of cyanobacteria or blue-green algae that is famous for its impressive health benefits and a rich nutritional profile. Spirulina has been found to improve blood lipid levels, suppress oxidation, reduce blood pressure and lower blood sugar. There are other beneficial effects of spirulina's intake, but more research is needed before they are validated.

Spirulina in diabetes and 9 other beneficial properties of the blue-green algae

https://sanatio.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ac423c39-9c4c-4e4d-a7a4-68cd9e88cbf8_middle.jpg

Spirulina in diabetes and 9 other beneficial properties of blue-green 

Бетина Цветкова

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Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

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The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2012, 116 million women (3.4%) worldwide suffered from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Worldwide, estimates of the prevalence of PCOS are highly variable, ranging from 2.2% to 26%. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110569016301510#b0005" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>] It is estimated that in the United States alone, between 5% and 10% of women of childbearing potential have this problem. [<a href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]

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Women with polycystic ovaries have hormonal imbalances and metabolic problems that can affect their health. The condition is common in women of childbearing potential and may include symptoms such as irregular menstruation, acne, thinning hair and weight gain.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common health problem caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones.

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Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause omission or irregular menstruation, which can lead to:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infertility (inability to get pregnant) - PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women, but with proper medical intervention, a woman can still become pregnant - sometimes even without intervention.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Development of cysts (small fluid-filled bags) in the ovaries.</li>
</ul>

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Usually, a woman understands that she suffers from the syndrome when she visits her gynecologist after unsuccessful attempts to becomepregnant.

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How do cysts form? If this happens, the body may not be able to synthesize the hormone progesterone, which is needed to maintain a regular cycle, as well as to hold the pregnancy.

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In addition, women with PCOS produce an excess of the female sex hormone estrogen. Although this does not contribute to the observed symptoms, in the long run this may prove to be a major risk factor for the development of uterinecancer. [<a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/fertility-blog/2020/march/five-myths-about-pcos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]

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Some of the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome include:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Irregular menstrual cycle. Women with the syndrome may miss their menstruation sporadically or have fewer menstrual cycles (less than eight per year). Or menstruation may occur every 21 days or more often. In some women with PCOS, menstruation completely stops.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Too much hair on the face, chin or male type of hair. This is called hirsutism. Hirsutism affects up to 70% of women with venous ovaries.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acne on the face, chest and upper back.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Thinning of hair or hair loss; male baldness.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Weight gain or difficulty losing weight.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Darkening of the skin ,especially on thefolds of the neck, in the groin and under the chest.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Skin formationssimilar to warts. They are soft, with the color of the skin and appear in the armpits or neck area.</li>
</ul>

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The exact cause of the development of ovarian cancer is unknown. Most experts believe that several factors, including genetics, play a role:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High levels of androgens. Androgens are sometimes called "male hormones", although each woman's body normally synthesizes small amounts of them. Androgens control the development of male traits. Women with PCOS have more androgens than normal.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High levels of insulin. Insulin is a hormone As a result, the levels of this hormone in the blood become higher than normal. Many women with PCOS also have insulin resistance, especially those who are overweight or obese, unhealthy eating habits, insufficient physical activity or have a family history of diabetes (usually type 2 <a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> diabetes).</li>
</ul>

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How is the diagnosis made? In order to be diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome, it is necessary to exclude other causes of the patient's symptoms. The doctor will be interested in her medical history to date and will do a physical examination, as well as various studies:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Physical examination. The doctor will ask about the body mass index (BM) and waist size, whether there is excess hair, acne or discolouration of the skin on the face, chest or back.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pelvic examination. The doctor may look for visible signs of increased levels of male hormones (e.g. enlarged clitoris) and check if the ovaries are enlarged or swollen.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ultrasound of the pelvis (sonogram). This test uses ultrasound waves to examine the ovaries for cysts and to check the endometrium (lining of the uterus).</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Blood tests. Blood tests check the levels of androgenic hormones. The doctor will also order a test for hormones associated with other common health problems that can be confused with polycystic ovary syndrome, such as thyroid disease.</li>
</ul>

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If we are overweightor obese , the first and most important step is to make efforts to lose weight. Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help alleviate symptoms associated withpolycystic ovary syndrome.

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Weight loss can help lower blood sugar levels,improve the way the body uses insulin, and normalize hormonelevels. Even 10% body weight loss can regulate the menstrual cycle and improve the chances of getting pregnant.

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The relationship between weight and PCOS is related to the body's inability to use insulin correctly , which can lead to weightgain.

What-is-insulin-resistance

What is insulin resistance

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Insulin is a hormone It helps glucose in the blood to enter the cells of muscle and fat tissue and of the liver, where it is used for energy. Glucose comes from the food we eat. The liver also produces glucose when needed, for example, when we are starving. When the blood sugar level rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into theblood.

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With insulin resistance, cells do not react normally to insulin and cannot easily absorb glucose from theblood.

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If this does not happen, a prediabetic condition occurs. In this case, blood sugar levels are higher thannormal, but not high enough to diagnose diabetes.

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Prediabetes are usually found in people who already have some insulin resistance or whose beta cells in the pancreas do not produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar within normal limits. Without enough insulin, additional glucose remains in the blood instead of entering the cells and being used for energy. Over time, type <a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">2 diabetes may develop.</a>

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Researchers still do not fully understand the causes of insulin resistance and prediabetes, but believe that excess weight and lack of physical activity are also major factors in this case.

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It is believed that obesity - especially too much fat in the abdomen and around organscalled visceral fat - is a major cause of insulin resistance. Waist circumference above 100 cm in men and over 89 cm in women is often associated with the onset of insulin resistance. This is true even if the body mass index (BM) falls within normal limits. [<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]

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Fat does not only serve to store energy. Research has shown that belly fat synthesizes hormones and other substances that can contribute to the onset of chronic or long-term inflammation in the body.

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In turn, insufficient physical activity is also associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. As already mentioned, regular physical activity leads to changes in the body that make it more able to maintain the balance of glucose levels in the blood.

What-are-the-symptoms-of-insulin-resistance-and-prediabetes

What are the symptoms of insulin resistance and prediabetes

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Insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms . In some people with prediabetes, darkening of the skin is observed in the area of the armpit or neck at the back and side of the neck, a condition calledacanthosis nigricans.

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What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS

What is the relationship between insulin resistance and PCOS

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In general, insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia (too high levels of insulin in the blood) affect about 65–70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, with 70–80% of obese women (BM&gt; 30) and 20–25% of weak women (BM &lt;25) exhibiting these characteristics. Some of the insulin resistance appears to be independent of obesity andis specifically associated with PCOS, with abnormalities of insulin action cell mechanismsand insulin receptor function documented. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_1

It seems that too high levels of insulin are an important factor in maintaining excessive levels of androgens in the blood , directly causing the excess productionof androgens from the flow cells, as well as as co-gonadotropin, amplifying the effect of the increased LH stimulus seen in most women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

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Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and its effects have negative effects on both metabolic and reproductive health. Options for treating insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia include lifestyle changes, exercise, diet and weight loss or metformin treatment.

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Given the high prevalence of obesity among women with PCOS, efforts to reduce weight are an important component of the treatment ofthe condition.

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The main limitation of this therapy is the difficulty of keeping changes for an extended period of time, and unfortunately relapses occur.

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What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_6

Of course, it should be taken into account that not every woman with polycystic ovary syndrome also suffers from insulin resistance.

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There are otherconditions - potentially accompanying PCOS that are well followed - impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, metabolicsyndrome, LDL cholesterol levels. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy

Effects of polycystic ovary syndrome on fertility and pregnancy

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_0

Polycystic ovary syndrome can affect a woman's fertility in different ways.

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Problems with ovulation are usually the main cause of infertility in those suffering from the syndrome. Ovulation may not occur for two reasons: due to an increase in testosterone production or because the follicles on the ovaries do not ripen.

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Even if ovulation occurs, the imbalance in hormones can prevent the mucous membrane of the uterus from developing properly to allow implantation of the fertilized egg, which will prevent the onset of pregnancy.

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Due to unbalanced hormones, ovulation and menstruation can be irregular. Unpredictable menstrual cycles can also make it difficult to get pregnant. [<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312841#causes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]

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When pregnancy occurs, women with PCOS are at greater risk of [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Pregnancy_complications_in_women_with_polycystic_ovary_syndrome_18181085" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>]:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Miscarriage;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/diabiet_po_vriemie_na_briemiennost_simptomi_riskovie_i_svieti_245acb17_9bf9_4af8_a562_bd8e4664e6e5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Gestational diabetes</a> [ref. 9];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Preeclampsia;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cesarean section;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">The baby can be born with more weight or spend more time in neonatology.</li>
</ul>

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These complications are preventable under careful medical supervision, as well as with effort on the part of the woman with PCOS, who plans pregnancy: weight loss if he is overweight, and lowering blood sugar if it is too high.

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With the necessary preparation and attention to the condition, conception and wear of a healthy baby, it is quite possible for sufferers of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_9

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_10

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Rositsa Tashkova-Kacharova

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

With childbirth come the worries about the mother's appearance and health - when will her belly shrink back to as it used to be, is it true that as many months as the baby is carried, the more it will be needed to restore the shape, how to speed up the process.

One of the solutions is the post-pregnancy abdominal belt. In this article we will look at what this belt is, when you should start to wear it and how long, what its benefits are, within what price limits it varies and where you can buy it from.

What-are-post-pregnancy-abdominal-belts-and-why-they-are-needed

What are post-pregnancy abdominal belts and why they are needed

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During pregnancy, and especially in its third trimester, changes occur in the state of the abdominal muscles and pelvic joints of the future mother , which cause discomfort to acertain degree, different for each woman.

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How quickly the tummy will return after birth depends on many factors and is strictly individual. But cosmetic changes are not the only problem - many of the mothers complain of weakness and abdominal pain.

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The reasons for wearing a belt after pregnancy are associated with two goals: retracting the abdominal wall and restoring the symmetry of the pelvis. For this reason, there are also two types of belts.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Belts that support the pelvisare worneven before birth, in the last months of pregnancy [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/The_effects_of_pelvic_belt_use_on_pelvic_alignment_during_and_after_pregnancy_a_prospective_longitudinal_cohort_study_31438891" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>], but it is good to keep in mind that these belts canreduce pelvic enlargement and lead to possible complications.</li>
</ul>

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During pregnancy, <a href="/p/grbnachni_izkriviavaniia_pri_dietsa_i_vzrastni_kakvo_da_pravim_c0b6b901_32e3_4444_8cb1_27a480393aec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> under the influence of hormones, instability occurs in the joints of the pelvis, which prepares the woman for the wear of the baby and childbirth.

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Belts that are wornafter birth for the purpose of retracting the abdominal wall are a wide elastic band, which is adjusted to acertain extent.</li>
</ul>

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Both types of belts need to be properly fitted, not too tight, allow freedom of movement so as not to cause more harm thanbenefits.

What-are-the-benefits-of-wearing-a-belt-after-childbirth-and-how-it-aids-recovery

What are the benefits of wearing a belt after childbirth and how it aids recovery

What-are-the-benefits-of-wearing-a-belt-after-childbirth-and-how-it-aids-recovery_1_0

But this support is mechanical - the belt itself will not make the abdomen tight, nor will it helpus lose weight.

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