Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD), previously known as de Morsier syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation syndrome featuring underdevelopment of the optic nerve, pituitary gland dysfunction, and absence of the septum pellucidum (a midline part of the brain). Two of these features need to be present for a clinical diagnosis — only 30% of patients have all three. French doctor Georges de Morsier first recognized the relation of a rudimentary or absent septum pellucidum with hypoplasia of the optic nerves ...

septo-optic dysplasia

What-is-colorectal-cancer?

What is colorectal cancer?

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Colorectal cancer is a disease of the colon or rectum, which are parts of the digestive system. Unlike most cancers, colorectal cancer can often be prevented by screening and is treatable when detected in time. 1

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When it comes to colorectal cancer, the most important thing to consider is time. Therefore, if you want to reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, pay attention to prevention as early as possible and start screening at the recommended age. Reading this article is a great start to get informed about this disease.

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Most cases of colorectal cancer occur in people aged 45 years and older, but the disease increasingly affects younger people.&nbsp;

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This disease usually begins as polyps, which are small growths of tissue in the colon. Most of them are not cancerous, but some can begin to grow uncontrollably and become cancerous.

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Specifically, most cases of colorectal cancer begin in the cells of the mucus-producing glands that cover the intestines. These glandular cells can be found in polyps. Although there are other types of colon cancer, they are rare and treated differently.&nbsp;

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Most precancerous polyps cause few, if any, symptoms. Therefore, it is extremely important to undergo routine screening for colon cancer, which must be announced by health authorities in a state strategy for screening and prevention of diseases.

Risk-factors-for-developing-colorectal-cancer

Risk factors for developing colorectal cancer

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Virtually any person can develop colorectal cancer, but several conditions can increase the risk, including:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Inflammatory bowel diseases. such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Obesity</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lack of exercise</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Diet: If you eat a lot of red meat, processed meat, or meat cooked at a very high temperature, you may be at higher risk.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Genetic syndrome, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome).</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Black/African Americans and Ashkenazi Jews are at higher risk.</li></ul>

Early-symptoms-of-colorectal-cancer

Early symptoms of colorectal cancer

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Many people with colorectal cancer have no symptoms in the early stages. As the disease progresses, more symptoms may appear. Symptoms may include:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Blood in or on the stool.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Persistent abnormal bowel movements, such as constipation or diarrhea.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Stomach pain, aches or cramps that do not go away.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weight loss for no reason.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cramps in the lower abdomen.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Swelling or a feeling of fullness.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Change in appetite.</li></ul>

Opportunities-and-Challenges-for-the-Treatment-of-Colorectal-Cancer

Opportunities and Challenges for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

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Regular screening can prevent the development of colorectal cancer. Screening means the process of identifying healthy people who may be at greater risk of developing a disease by assessing their risk factors. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.865801/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Herb and Spices in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Narrative Review" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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Since a polyp takes 10&ndash;15 years to become cancerous, detecting and removing polyps at an early stage is crucial. However, only 40% of cases of colorectal cancer are detected at an early stage, and sometimes the cancer reappears after treatment.

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An essential part of the healing process can be played by both standard methods - chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy, as well as additional methods that rely on herbal remedies. A number of scientific publications have examined the possibilities of using herbs or spices that find a place in the treatment of colorectal cancer.&nbsp;

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Unlike many chemotherapy drugs approved for use in different countries, the use of herbs does not damage healthy cells and does not cause fatigue, headaches, muscle pain, stomach pain, diarrhea and vomiting, sore throat, blood abnormalities and others that are part of the side effects of these drugs.

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Next, we will look at natural remedies with the potential for anti-cancer action, as well as their active ingredients that provide this action.&nbsp;

Natural-Remedies-for-the-Treatment-of-Colorectal-Cancer

Natural Remedies for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

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The role of spices and herbs in inhibiting colorectal cancer cell growth has been reported in many recent studies. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/8/495" target="_blank" data-ref="Spices for Prevention and Treatment of Cancers" rel="noopener">[ref. 2</a> ] <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57940-9?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=b0a91f2b-1dab-4a48-ace2-3f88f3c59c29" target="_blank" data-ref="Cucurbitacin B and I inhibits colon cancer growth by targeting the Notch signaling pathway - Scientific Reports" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The following herbs and spices can be used for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer:

Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale-Roscoe)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale-Roscoe)_1_0

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The botanical name of ginger is Zingiber officinale Roscoe, which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant native to Southeast Asia.

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Ginger is an excellent source of antioxidants used to treat diseases from colds to cancer. The popularity of ginger in scientific research has skyrocketed in recent years. As of August 15, 2021 (Scopus database), there were approximately 12,092 articles focusing on ginger's beneficial effects over the period 1853 and 2021.

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Ginger has at least 115 active compounds (volatile and non-volatile) in fresh and dried rhizomes, identified in various extracts. Among them are gingerols, shogaols and quercetin, which exert a variety of potent therapeutic and preventive effects, including anti-cancer effects. 5

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Specifically, ginger leaf extract induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, HCT116, SW480 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), and LoVo by activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). ATF3 is responsible for the induction of apoptosis in CRC cells by regulating the ERK1/2 pathway, where ginger leaves (50, 100 and 200μg/ml for 24 and 48h) interact with the cAMP-responding element-binding element (CREB) site and activate ATF3. 6

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Another study reported that ginger extract inhibited the growth of CRC (HCT-116) cells by lowering K-ras and MMP-2 marker gene expressions. K-ras is crucial in colorectal metastases through VGEF regulation, protease expression, apoptosis, adhesion and motility.

Turmeric-(Curcuma-longa-L.)

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)

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Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) also comes from the Zingiberaceae family. In addition to improving the taste, turmeric is one of the spices used to preserve food.&nbsp;

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Turmeric is rich in polyphenols and is known as the "miraculous medicine of life". The leading compound, curcumin, is responsible for a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities.

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Turmeric powder contains various bioactive components. Dry turmeric contains 69.43% carbohydrates, 6.3% protein, 5.1% oils, 3.5% minerals and other elements (15.67%). Curcumin and Calebin A are the main compounds with a magnificent biological role in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients.

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Curcumin helps in the treatment of many diseases, including tendinitis, liver cirrhosis, Alzheimer's disease, heart attack, hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal problems, skin and eye infections, and cancer. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.oncotarget.com/article/19164/text/" target="_blank" data-ref="Nanoformulations of curcumin: an emerging paradigm for improved remedial application | Oncotarget" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Currently, the main emphasis is placed by scientists on the potential effects of curcumin on cancer. As of August 15, 2021 (Scopus database), the effect of turmeric/curcumin on cancer between 1881 and 2021 was the topic of 11,519 articles, with 53% related to cancer and 16% related specifically to colorectal cancer.&nbsp;

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Calebin A suppresses the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which promotes anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (BCL-xL), B-cell lymphoma (BCL-2), proliferation (Cyclin D1), invasion biomarkers (MMP-9), metastases (CXCR4), as well as gene biomarkers for downregulated apoptosis (Caspase-3), ultimately leading to apoptosis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HCT116) cells.&nbsp;

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In one study, it was demonstrated that administration of 25 μM curcumin, a potential NF-κB inhibitor, significantly suppressed NF-κB activation by inhibiting transcription factor E2F-1 and thymidylate synthase compared to untreated cell lines. It has also been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties by inducing apoptosis and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in gastric cancer and neurofibroma. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014299908006729" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

Garlic-(Allium-sativum-L.)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.)

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&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2014.3705" target="_blank" data-ref="Aged garlic extract inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumor development by suppressing cell proliferation" rel="noopener">Another</a> commonly consumed spice with anti-cancer properties is garlic (Allium sativum L.), a member of the Liliaceae family. Garlic has been shown to reduce the incidence of heart disease and cancer in epidemiological and preclinical studies, and is also claimed to be an anti-cancer food component.&nbsp;

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Garlic has about 33 sulfur compounds, including allin, allicin, ajoen, allyl propyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, S-allyl cysteine, vinyldithiins, S-allyl mercapto cysteine and others, several enzymes (i.e. alinase, peroxidases, myrosinase), 17 amino acids such as arginine and others, and minerals such as selenium, germanium, tellurium and other trace elements.&nbsp;

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As of August 15, 2021 (Scopus database), 19,339 articles related to the benefits of garlic consumption were reflected between 1854 and 2021.[1] One-third of these publications were related to its benefits in modulating cancer, while 8% were based on its benefits for colorectal cancer prevention and management.&nbsp;

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There is convincing evidence that garlic and the sulfur components contained in it can reduce the risk of cancer and affect the biological behavior of tumors. High garlic intake is associated with reduced risks to the stomach and the development of colorectal cancer, and these properties are associated with the content of diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl tetrasulfide, S-allyl mercaptocysteine, allicin, selenomethionine and se-methyl-L-selenocysteine.

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As noted in studies, old garlic extract and its bioactive compounds are good chemopreventive agents for colorectal cancer due to their antiproliferative action on colorectal cancer cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. AGE suppressed proliferation of different CRC cell lines, namely DLD1, COLO205, HT29, SW480 and SW620. There are various impacts on the invasive activities of these cell lines and the extract shows a significant decrease in invasive activity on SW480 and SW620 cells.&nbsp;

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These and other studies suggest that old garlic extract or the bioactive compounds of garlic, mainly selenomethionine and se-methyl-L-selenocysteine, may prevent tumor formation by inhibiting angiogenesis and suppressing motility, proliferation and other mechanisms of endothelial cells. Therefore, they could be good chemopreventive agents for colorectal cancer due to their antiproliferative action on colorectal cancer cells and inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. 9

Fenugreek-(Trigonella-foenum-graecum-L.)

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

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&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0960327110361502" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) belongs to the family Leguminosae. It has long been used as a spice to improve the sensory quality of dishes around the world, including in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.&nbsp;

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Among many spices that are nutritious, functional and therapeutic, fenugreek is popular with all these characteristics. Recently, it has attracted huge scientific attention to further evaluate and validate dietary supplements and health benefits, especially lifestyle related and diseases such as cancer. The Scopus database reveals that scientists published about 3,713 articles between 1931 and 2021.

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Fenugreek is rich in several phytochemicals, of which diosgenin (saponin) has prominent anticarcinogenic properties. Multiple functional and molecular targets are involved in the anticancer effects of fenugreek or its bioactive compounds, such as apoptosis in tumor cell lines, especially in human colorectal cancer.&nbsp;

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In mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, a diet rich in fenugreek seed powder reduced the incidence of colon tumors and lipid peroxidation LPO, while increasing GPx, glutathione S-transferase (GST), SOD and catalase activity in the liver. 10&nbsp; In another study, diosgenin was revealed to induce apoptosis of HT-29 human colon cancer cells.

Sesame-(Sesamum-indicum-L.)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum) of the Pedaliaceae family is one of the earliest domesticated oilseed crops known to mankind for its diverse uses.&nbsp;

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Sesame seeds have numerous potential bioactive compounds that are beneficial components in food and are responsible for disease prevention properties. These chemical compounds include phenols, carotenoids, phytosterols and polyunsaturated fatty acids, often used as antioxidants.

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Sesame seeds contain lignans such as sesamin and sezaminol and are highly valued as a traditional healthy and nutriceutical food. The young sesame leaves contain three iridosides (lamalbid, sesamoside and changizide methyl ester) and seven polyphenols (cistanoside F, chlorogenic acid, pedalitin-6-O-laminaribyoside, pedaliin, isoactheoside, pedalitin and martinozide) and acteoside, which have potential free radical counteraction effects.

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There is a wide range of bioactive molecules in sesame, including sesamin, sesamol, sesamolin, and sesaminol, which are regarded as anticancer agents. Specifically, sesamol is one of the prominent biomolecules of sesame seeds, which imparts chemopreventive properties and analgesic effects. It has a wide range of biological functions, including inhibition of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of radical removal, regulation of antioxidant enzymes, suppression of TNFα and IL-1β expression, and others. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00381.x" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Linseed-(Linum-usitatissimum-L.)

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

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Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) of the Linaceae family is one of the oldest cultivated herbaceous crops in the world. It is still widely grown for its oil, fiber and nutritional value. Flaxseed oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids, linolenic acid and others.&nbsp;

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Recently, the growth of cancer research using flaxseed has increased significantly. A systematic literature search on a Scopus database revealed that about 7,357 articles were published between 1844 and 2021, about 22% focused on cancers among these publications, and 4% specifically targeted colorectal cancer.

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In vitro studies and animal models suggest that diets high in 3-PUFA may protect against malignancies, such as colon cancer, while 6-PUFA treatment may inhibit cancer cell proliferation. For example, mice fed diets fortified with α-linolenic acid, which increased plasma levels of α-linolenic acid and its metabolites eicosotetraenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, showed a decrease in the growth of colorectal cancer cells in transplanted&nbsp; patients. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16158974/" target="_blank" data-ref="Enterolactone induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of Colo 201 human colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;

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In other studies&nbsp;, α-linolenic acid inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, confirming the mechanisms of anticancer action in colorectal cancer.

Herbs and spices contain various bioactive compounds that have many beneficial health effects. One of the most important is the anti-cancer action, which can have some herbs and spices quite available today. Among them are turmeric, ginger, garlic, fenugreek, sesame, flaxseed and others.
Although no one lives with the thought that cancer happen to him, with the type of cancer considered in the article - colorectal cancer - it is extremely important that it is diagnosed on time. Early diagnosis is always the basis for better treatment, so if you notice any of the listed symptoms, seek medical attention immediately. If not, improve your diet with more fruits and vegetables, inform yourself about active prevention and screening campaigns as another step in health care. It is entirely in our hands.

Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer 

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Бетина Цветкова

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries (the organs that produce and release eggs) are affected, creating an excess of male hormones. If you have PCOS, your ovaries produce abnormally high levels of hormones called androgens. This leads to an imbalance of reproductive hormones and disrupts the entire hormonal background in the body, leading to other health problems and disorders.&nbsp;

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As a result, women with polycystic ovary syndrome often have an irregular menstrual cycle, miss monthly menstruation or have unpredictable ovulation. Small cysts can develop on the ovaries (fluid-filled bags) due to lack of ovulation (anovulation). However, although the name of the condition is 'achievable', you do not necessarily have cysts on your ovaries to develop PCOS. The condition can develop without them.

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Some of the most important facts regarding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that you need to know are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Many women suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome without being aware of it. A study shows that up to 70% of women suffering from this disease are not diagnosed. [&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/2/604/2972079" target="_blank" data-ref="Delayed Diagnosis and a Lack of Information Associated With Dissatisfaction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A woman can develop PCOS at any time after puberty. Most women are diagnosed in their 20s or 30s when trying to get pregnant. Research shows that polycystic ovary syndrome is transmitted by inheritance. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/ENDO:30:1:19?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=b5683b1b-1b01-46cc-ad97-682a72958184" target="_blank" data-ref="The role of genes and environment in the etiology of PCOS - Endocrine" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">You may have a higher chance of developing PCOS if you are overweight or obese, or if other people in your family have PCOS. [&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jes/article/3/8/1545/5518341" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rotterdam criteria have been established, according to which "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is determined by the presence of two out of three of the following criteria: oligoanovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries (&ge; 12 follicles with a diameter of 2-9 mm and/or ovarian volume 10 ml in at least one ovary)." [&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajum.12096" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;] together with ultrasound examination and other diagnostic methods, they can facilitate better and early diagnosis of PCOS, reducing health risks.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">About 70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome have insulin resistance, which means that their cells cannot use insulin properly. [&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028211028123" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;] Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It helps the body use sugar from food to generate energy. When cells do not consume insulin properly<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">, the body's need for it increases</a>. The pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for this. Excess insulin causes the ovaries to produce more androgens (male hormones).</li></ul>

The-most-popular-symptoms-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

The most popular symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Some women face symptoms around their first cycle. Others found they had ovarian cancer after gaining a lot of extra weight or having difficulty conceiving. Imbalance in the menstrual cycle can also be a signal that a woman suffers from PCOS.

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The most common symptoms of this disease are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Irregular menstruation. The absence of ovulation interferes with the monthly discharge of the surface layer of the uterine mucosa (endometrium). Some women with polycystic have less than eight menstruations per year, and there are cases in which the menstrual cycle is completely absent. [ <a href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic ovary syndrome | Office on Women's Health" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Severe bleeding. The endometrium becomes more massive, therefore the menstruations are heavier than usual.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">More than 70% of women with this disease have facial hair appearing at unusual areas of the body - back, abdomen, breasts. Excessive body hair in these areas is called hirsutism. [&nbsp;<a href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/77195" target="_blank" data-ref="Hirsutism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Management" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;]</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Acne. Male hormones (androgens) can make the skin oilier than usual and cause skin imperfections in areas such as the face, chest and upper back.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weight gain. Up to 80 percent of women with PCOS are overweight or obese, as cited by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=redirect&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=otn" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Male pattern&nbsp;baldness. Hair on the scalp becomes thinner and can fall out more.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Darkening of the skin. Dark spots on the skin can form in folds on the body, such as those of the neck, in the groin and under the chest.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Headache. Hormonal changes can cause headaches in some women.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Low-grade inflammation: Women with PCOS tend to have chronic low-legrade inflammation. The healthcare professional you are targeting can perform blood tests that measure levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells to check for such inflammation in the body.</li></ul>

Herbal-treatments-for-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

Herbal treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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According to a study conducted by Iranian and German scientists, published on June 3, 2019 [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/6/215" target="_blank" data-ref="The Effectiveness of Herbal Mixture Supplements with and without Clomiphene Citrate in Comparison to Clomiphene Citrate on Serum Antioxidants and Glycemic Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Willing to Be Pregnant: A Randomized Clinical Trial" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;], supplements from herbal mixtures, in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC), have a beneficial effect on serum antioxidant levels, as well as on glycaemic biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome, causing infertility, regulation of menstruation and successful conception.&nbsp;

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The herbs studied are:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mint (Mentha spicata) [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14450" target="_blank" data-ref="Mentha" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ginger (Zingiber officinale) [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Zingiber_officinale_ginger_Monograph_12946242" target="_blank" data-ref="Zingiber officinale (ginger). Monograph. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15249" target="_blank" data-ref="Cinnamomum zeylanicum" rel="noopener">[ref. 12]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814612011533?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" data-ref="Role of Essential Oil of Mentha Spicata (Spearmint) in Addressing Reverse Hormonal and Folliculogenesis Disturbances in a Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in a Rat Model - PubMed" rel="noopener">) [</a>&nbsp;[ref. 13]&nbsp;</li></ul>Next, we will take a brief overview of the main health-friendly properties of each of these herbs.

Beneficial-properties-of-herbs-in-PCOS-and-other-health-conditions

Beneficial properties of herbs in PCOS and other health conditions

Mint-(Mentha-spicata)

Mint (Mentha spicata) 

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Mentha spicata (mint) of the Lamiaceae family, a widespread plant in the temperate belt has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and anticancer effect [&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29399556/" target="_blank" data-ref="Preventive and Protective Properties of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Complications, and Associated Lipid and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Brief Review" rel="noopener">[ref. 14]</a>&nbsp;. Some studies confirm that mint contains various volatile compounds such as p-cimen, isopiperitone, mentone and &beta;-linalool and various phenolic phytocompositions, which are not only considered an antioxidant source, but also reduce glucose levels and oxidative stress.

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Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

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The main components of Zingiber officinale Roscoe - a representative of the Zingiberaceae family, are zingiberene, campen and p-cinaol, which show antioxidant, anticancer, anti-clotting and anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, ginger significantly reduces serum fasting blood sugar levels and insulin levels, contributes to blood pressure control and supports intestinal health. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that ginger increases levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and GPX (glutathione peroxidase), as well as increases the antioxidant capacity in the blood. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/516870/" target="_blank" data-ref="Preventive and Protective Properties of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Complications, and Associated Lipid and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Brief Review" rel="noopener">[ref. 15]</a>&nbsp;]

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Ceylon-cinnamon-(Cinnamomum-zeylanicum)

Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 

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Cinnamomum zeylanicum nees (Cinnamon) from the Lauraceae family is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0278691507000889" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 16]</a>&nbsp;]. Cinnamon extract can be used as an antioxidant due to its phenolic content, especially cynamaldehyde, which improves the level of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and reduces the concentration of MDA (malonal dialdehyde), as well as increases the possibility of becoming pregnant. In addition, it significantly reduces insulin and blood sugar, which is obviously key in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

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Sweet-Orange-(Citrus-sinensis)

Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

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Citrus Sinensis (L.) Osbeck of the Rutaceae family contains mainly hesperidine, polymetoxylated flavonoids and terpenoids (&nbsp; citric and linalool). These phenolic bioactive compounds show significant cytoprotective effects (protecting cells) against oxidative stress created by free radicals. In addition, hesperidine in C. sinensis increases levels of antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, and reduces the level of malonal dialdehyde.&nbsp;

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According to the results of a team of scientists who conducted a randomized blind study on the effectiveness of herbal extracts in PCOS, the herbal mixture of four components - mint, ginger, Ceylon cinnamon and sweet orange, demonstrated powerful antioxidant activity. It is due to the total content of phenols and flavonoids. As the study shows, supplements from herbal mixtures, together with clomiphene citrate, can have a beneficial effect on serum antioxidant levels, as well as on glycaemic biomarkers of infertility in PCOS, regulating menstruation and increasing the chance of becoming pregnant. Ginger with a wide range of antioxidants and polyphenol compounds such as β-carotene, ascorbic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols such as flavonoids, flavon glycosides, is considered the richest source of phytochemical antioxidants. Phenolic phytochemicals of mint significantly improve antioxidant protection. The bark of C. sinensis is also very rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which can be consumed as natural antioxidants. These natural remedies can help with a variety of health problems, including overweight, impaired immunity, high blood pressure and obesity, as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Effectiveness of herbal supplements in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Effectiveness of herbal supplements in polycystic ovary syndrome 

Natural-remedies-for-relieving-a-stuffy-nose

Natural remedies for relieving a stuffy nose 

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Add moisture to the air

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Using a humidifier or diffuser with essential oils in your home or office is a simple and effective way to reduce nasal congestion. Inhalation of moist air helps to soothe irritated nasal tissues, reduces inflammation of the sinuses and dilutes accumulated mucus. Conversely - dry air hinders the self-cleaning of the nostrils and contributes to the retention of potential irritants and allergens.

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Some electrical devices such as humidifiers for warm and cool fog, are equally effective for increasing the level of humidity and relieving nasal congestion. We recommend using only appliances from certified manufacturers, with a warranty and clear instructions for use and origin. Whatever type of appliance you choose, be sure to change the water daily and clean the appliance according to the manufacturer's instructions to prevent the growth of bacteria and mold.

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Try-nasal-irrigation

Try nasal irrigation

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Rinsing nasal passages using a device such as Neti pot can help release accumulated mucus and eliminate irritants, allergens and microbes. Although it may seem like an unpleasant procedure, it can bring great relief when properly done. Neti pot is safe to use with sterile or distilled water. Never use tap water unless you have boiled and cooled it.

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If you do not want to undergo such a procedure, nasal spray with saline and injection into the nose can also help soothe dry nasal passages. There are also herbal nasal unclogging sprays, which usually include eucalyptus, propolis, lavender (Lavandula spica L.), geranium (Geranium L.), mint ((Mentha)) and others.

Take-a-hot-shower

Take a hot shower

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Have you ever noticed that when you have caught a cold, a hot shower can help relieve a stuffy nose? The reason is that inhaling steam reduces pain in the sinuses and pressure, helping the outflow of mucus. Inhaling steam over a pot of boiling water is also another option, but be careful not to get too close to the water.

Apply-a-warm-compress

Apply a warm compress

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If you have headaches or pain in the sinuses as a result of nasal congestion, try to relieve the condition with a warm compress directly on the nose and forehead. This can help relieve nasal inflammation and pressure and relieve discomfort.

Herbs are also a remedies (albeit of natural origin) and you should treat them as such. Watch out for the correct dosage as well as contraindications, and consult your GP or allergist before taking them for nasal congestion or any other health problem.

septo-optic dysplasia

Effectiveness of herbal supplements in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Proven natural remedies for relieving a stuffy nose (nasal congestion)

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