Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, are two types of cancer that develops from the tissues of the uterus. Endometrial cancer forms from the lining of the uterus and uterine sarcoma forms from the muscles or support tissue of the uterus. Symptoms of endometrial cancer include unusual vaginal bleeding or pain in the pelvis. Symptoms of uterine sarcoma include unusual vaginal bleeding or a mass in the vagina.Risk factors for endometrial cancer include obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, ...

uterine neoplasms

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Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

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Anise is an integral part of so many traditional drinks, that it is very likely that you have already encountered it, be it in our mastic, the Greek ouso, the Italian sambuca, the Turkish brandy (interestingly, like its name, this drink is obtained in a similar way to grape brandy, but anise is added in the fermentation of fruits) or simply at the end of a heavy evening with the high-alcohol absinthe. But you may not remeber the later very well.

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Of course, in addition to the popularity of the herb for the making of alcoholic products, it deserves a lot of attention, too, because of its healing properties - which is why it is also the subject of this article. The anise and its applications are among the most well-known in traditional medicine of many cultures. In ancient Rome, for example, the herb was mainly used as a means of aiding digestion, and the ancient Greeks recommended it in the treatment of cough. In the text we will get to know in more detail the origin, biological features, chemical composition and applications of anise.

Botanical-description

Botanical description

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The most popular variety of anise, which is used for healing purposes, is the plant with the Latin name Pimpinella anisum. It belongs to the Apiaceae family, just like its close relative fennel.

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More read in the article <a href="/p/riezienie_niepoznatata_bilka_za_plosk_koriem" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> Fennel - The Unknown Herb for a Flat Stomach</a>.

Botanical-description_0_2

Famous representatives of this family are also dill, parsley, carrots, celery,etc. Not to be confused with star anise (Illicium verum), which is an evergreen shrub or tree and is known as one of the aromatic spices for mulled wine. Despite the similar name and taste, star anise belongs to another plant family.

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Anise is a herbaceous plant, reaching a height of between 30 and 50 cm, with white flowers and small yellowish seeds. Today, anise is found in the Mediterranean, in Spain, the Middle East, Egypt, Mexico and is cultivated mainly because of its seeds.

Chemical-composition

Chemical composition

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Chemical-composition_1_1

Anise seeds are very rich in essential oil, its main component being trans-anethol, but also it has dianthol,&nbsp; anisaldehyde, etc. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405664/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1]</a>.

Anise-has-antibacterial-and-antifungal-properties

Anise has antibacterial and antifungal properties

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Laboratory studies have shown that aqueous and methanol extract of anise seeds have antibacterial action and inhibit the growth of several bacterial strains&nbsp;- Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherchia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae <a href="https://pdfs.nutramedix.ec/Pimpinella%20anisum%20-%20Antibacterial.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>. There are other studies that explore and show this effect on other bacterial species.

Anise-has-antibacterial-and-antifungal-properties_2_1

Besides antibacterial action, in the scientific literature there are also described data <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Antifungal_activity_of_fluid_extract_and_essential_oil_from_anise_fruits_Pimpinella_anisum_L_Apiaceae_16375827" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp; [ref.3]</a>. Suppressing the growth of the fungus Candida albicansis the aqueous extract of anise seeds, while essential oil has a stronger effect against fungi of thegenus dermatophytes.&nbsp;The latter cause superficial inflammation of the skin, hair and nails.

Anticonvulsant-properties-of-anise

Anticonvulsant properties of anise

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As amazing as it sounds, Pythagoras was convinced that anise treated epilepsy and prescribed it against such seizures. As of today there are already scientific reports on the same effect. For example, in 1999, a study was carried out studying the ability of anise essential oil applied at different doses to mice to block artificially stimulated <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/The_fruit_essential_oil_of_Pimpinella_anisum_exerts_anticonvulsant_effects_in_mice_10433480" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>. In 2008, Janachmadi and a collective proposed a mechanism of action according to which anise oil affects the way nerve impulses are transmitted <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18852037/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.5]</a>.

Anise-affects-the-digestive-system

Anise affects the digestive system

Anise-affects-the-digestive-system_4_0

Anise-affects-the-digestive-system_4_1

One of the most famous properties of anise is its action on the gastrointestinal system. Besides its beneficial effect on digestion, it has a superb taste and is preferred for seasoning fish and seafood in the Mediterranean, as well as for making&nbsp; sweets.

Anise-affects-the-digestive-system_4_2

Some studies have shown that aqueous anise extract significantly reduces lesions on the gastric mucosa in experimental rats, on which the production of ulcer<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Aqueous_suspension_of_anise_Pimpinella_anisum_protects_rats_against_chemically_induced_gastric_ulcers_17373749" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>is stimulated by chemicals &nbsp;<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Aqueous_suspension_of_anise_Pimpinella_anisum_protects_rats_against_chemically_induced_gastric_ulcers_17373749" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.6] </a>.

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In addition, anise is believed to favorably affect constipation as well as bloating caused by excess gas. For this reason, aniseed drinks are often classified as so-called digestive drink.

Anise-as-an-antispasmodic

Anise as an antispasmodic

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Another well-known action of the herb is myorelaxant ( relaxes muscles). A study published in 2007 showed the antispasmodic effect of the water-alcohol solution of anise on the smooth musculature of laboratory rats <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/bul/research/pubmed/Antispasmodic_and_relaxant_effects_of_the_hidroalcoholic_extract_of_Pimpinella_anisum_Apiaceae_on_rat_anococcygeus_smooth_muscle_17027208" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.7]</a> and justified this use in folk medicine.

Anise-for-the-treatment-of-cough

Anise for the treatment of cough

Anise-for-the-treatment-of-cough_6_0

Anise from antiquity is used in diseases of the respiratory system. The reason is that the herb has an expectorant effect, which is due to a reflective increase in bronchial secretion.&nbsp;In addition, it stimulates the respiratory center in the brain and thus aids breathing.

Other-anise-actions

Other anise actions

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Other applications of anise are:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">stimulates the secretion of mammary glands</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">relieves menopause symptoms</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">reduces menstrual pain</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antioxidant action</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">insecticidal effect</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antiviral effect</li>
</ul>

How-to-consume-it

How to consume it

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Besides being a digestive drink , we can also make a decoction of anise seeds:

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To do this, steam a teaspoon of crushed anise seeds for 15 minutes in boiling water.

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Another application of anise is in culinary. It is a great spice for many dishes such as fish, meat, salad or for pastries, breads and tortillas. It combines well with nutmeg, cinnamon, black pepper, ginger, etc.

Contraindications

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In pregnancy, consumption should be limited to normal dietary amounts. Taking supplements and decoctions, however, is not recommended.

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In hormonally dependent diseases such as breast, ovarian or uterine cancer, endometriosis and others, it is contraindicated to take anise.

Contraindications_9_2

Some ingredients of anise are potentially allergenic. Do not consume it if you have an allergy to other plants of the same family as dill and parsley.

Anise - The Summer Taste of an Ancient Herb

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/68add655-f1f8-4303-ad62-aedba80c7f28_middle.jpg

 Anise - The Summer Taste of an Ancient Herb

Силвия Маринова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2012, 116 million women (3.4%) worldwide suffered from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Worldwide, estimates of the prevalence of PCOS are highly variable, ranging from 2.2% to 26%. [<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110569016301510#b0005" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 1</a>] It is estimated that in the United States alone, between 5% and 10% of women of childbearing potential have this problem. [<a href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 2</a>]

Women with polycystic ovaries have hormonal imbalances and metabolic problems that can affect their health. The condition is common in women of childbearing potential and may include symptoms such as irregular menstruation, acne, thinning hair and weight gain.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_0

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common health problem caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_1

Polycystic ovary syndrome can cause omission or irregular menstruation, which can lead to:

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_2

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Infertility (inability to get pregnant) - PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility in women, but with proper medical intervention, a woman can still become pregnant - sometimes even without intervention.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Development of cysts (small fluid-filled bags) in the ovaries.</li>
</ul>

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_3

Usually, a woman understands that she suffers from the syndrome when she visits her gynecologist after unsuccessful attempts to becomepregnant.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_4

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_5

How do cysts form? If this happens, the body may not be able to synthesize the hormone progesterone, which is needed to maintain a regular cycle, as well as to hold the pregnancy.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_6

In addition, women with PCOS produce an excess of the female sex hormone estrogen. Although this does not contribute to the observed symptoms, in the long run this may prove to be a major risk factor for the development of uterinecancer. [<a href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/fertility-blog/2020/march/five-myths-about-pcos" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 4</a>]

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Some of the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome include:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Irregular menstrual cycle. Women with the syndrome may miss their menstruation sporadically or have fewer menstrual cycles (less than eight per year). Or menstruation may occur every 21 days or more often. In some women with PCOS, menstruation completely stops.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Too much hair on the face, chin or male type of hair. This is called hirsutism. Hirsutism affects up to 70% of women with venous ovaries.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Acne on the face, chest and upper back.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Thinning of hair or hair loss; male baldness.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Weight gain or difficulty losing weight.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Darkening of the skin ,especially on thefolds of the neck, in the groin and under the chest.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Skin formationssimilar to warts. They are soft, with the color of the skin and appear in the armpits or neck area.</li>
</ul>

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_9

The exact cause of the development of ovarian cancer is unknown. Most experts believe that several factors, including genetics, play a role:

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_10

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High levels of androgens. Androgens are sometimes called "male hormones", although each woman's body normally synthesizes small amounts of them. Androgens control the development of male traits. Women with PCOS have more androgens than normal.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">High levels of insulin. Insulin is a hormone As a result, the levels of this hormone in the blood become higher than normal. Many women with PCOS also have insulin resistance, especially those who are overweight or obese, unhealthy eating habits, insufficient physical activity or have a family history of diabetes (usually type 2 <a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"></a> diabetes).</li>
</ul>

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_11

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_12

How is the diagnosis made? In order to be diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome, it is necessary to exclude other causes of the patient's symptoms. The doctor will be interested in her medical history to date and will do a physical examination, as well as various studies:

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_13

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Physical examination. The doctor will ask about the body mass index (BM) and waist size, whether there is excess hair, acne or discolouration of the skin on the face, chest or back.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Pelvic examination. The doctor may look for visible signs of increased levels of male hormones (e.g. enlarged clitoris) and check if the ovaries are enlarged or swollen.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Ultrasound of the pelvis (sonogram). This test uses ultrasound waves to examine the ovaries for cysts and to check the endometrium (lining of the uterus).</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Blood tests. Blood tests check the levels of androgenic hormones. The doctor will also order a test for hormones associated with other common health problems that can be confused with polycystic ovary syndrome, such as thyroid disease.</li>
</ul>

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_14

If we are overweightor obese , the first and most important step is to make efforts to lose weight. Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity can help alleviate symptoms associated withpolycystic ovary syndrome.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_15

Weight loss can help lower blood sugar levels,improve the way the body uses insulin, and normalize hormonelevels. Even 10% body weight loss can regulate the menstrual cycle and improve the chances of getting pregnant.

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_16

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)_0_17

The relationship between weight and PCOS is related to the body's inability to use insulin correctly , which can lead to weightgain.

What-is-insulin-resistance

What is insulin resistance

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_0

Insulin is a hormone It helps glucose in the blood to enter the cells of muscle and fat tissue and of the liver, where it is used for energy. Glucose comes from the food we eat. The liver also produces glucose when needed, for example, when we are starving. When the blood sugar level rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into theblood.

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_1

With insulin resistance, cells do not react normally to insulin and cannot easily absorb glucose from theblood.

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_2

If this does not happen, a prediabetic condition occurs. In this case, blood sugar levels are higher thannormal, but not high enough to diagnose diabetes.

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_3

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_4

Prediabetes are usually found in people who already have some insulin resistance or whose beta cells in the pancreas do not produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar within normal limits. Without enough insulin, additional glucose remains in the blood instead of entering the cells and being used for energy. Over time, type <a href="/p/vsichko_za_diabiet_tip_2_na_iedno_miasto_9b1be4d6_84a7_42c6_8e37_de3bd6480ba1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">2 diabetes may develop.</a>

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_5

Researchers still do not fully understand the causes of insulin resistance and prediabetes, but believe that excess weight and lack of physical activity are also major factors in this case.

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_6

It is believed that obesity - especially too much fat in the abdomen and around organscalled visceral fat - is a major cause of insulin resistance. Waist circumference above 100 cm in men and over 89 cm in women is often associated with the onset of insulin resistance. This is true even if the body mass index (BM) falls within normal limits. [<a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 5</a>]

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_7

Fat does not only serve to store energy. Research has shown that belly fat synthesizes hormones and other substances that can contribute to the onset of chronic or long-term inflammation in the body.

What-is-insulin-resistance_1_8

In turn, insufficient physical activity is also associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. As already mentioned, regular physical activity leads to changes in the body that make it more able to maintain the balance of glucose levels in the blood.

What-are-the-symptoms-of-insulin-resistance-and-prediabetes

What are the symptoms of insulin resistance and prediabetes

What-are-the-symptoms-of-insulin-resistance-and-prediabetes_1_0

Insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms . In some people with prediabetes, darkening of the skin is observed in the area of the armpit or neck at the back and side of the neck, a condition calledacanthosis nigricans.

What-are-the-symptoms-of-insulin-resistance-and-prediabetes_1_1

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS

What is the relationship between insulin resistance and PCOS

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_0

In general, insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia (too high levels of insulin in the blood) affect about 65–70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, with 70–80% of obese women (BM&gt; 30) and 20–25% of weak women (BM &lt;25) exhibiting these characteristics. Some of the insulin resistance appears to be independent of obesity andis specifically associated with PCOS, with abnormalities of insulin action cell mechanismsand insulin receptor function documented. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_1

It seems that too high levels of insulin are an important factor in maintaining excessive levels of androgens in the blood , directly causing the excess productionof androgens from the flow cells, as well as as co-gonadotropin, amplifying the effect of the increased LH stimulus seen in most women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_2

Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinaemia and its effects have negative effects on both metabolic and reproductive health. Options for treating insulin resistance/hyperinsulinaemia include lifestyle changes, exercise, diet and weight loss or metformin treatment.

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_3

Given the high prevalence of obesity among women with PCOS, efforts to reduce weight are an important component of the treatment ofthe condition.

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_4

The main limitation of this therapy is the difficulty of keeping changes for an extended period of time, and unfortunately relapses occur.

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_5

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_6

Of course, it should be taken into account that not every woman with polycystic ovary syndrome also suffers from insulin resistance.

What-is-the-relationship-between-insulin-resistance-and-PCOS_2_7

There are otherconditions - potentially accompanying PCOS that are well followed - impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, metabolicsyndrome, LDL cholesterol levels. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 6</a>]

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy

Effects of polycystic ovary syndrome on fertility and pregnancy

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_0

Polycystic ovary syndrome can affect a woman's fertility in different ways.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_1

Problems with ovulation are usually the main cause of infertility in those suffering from the syndrome. Ovulation may not occur for two reasons: due to an increase in testosterone production or because the follicles on the ovaries do not ripen.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_2

Even if ovulation occurs, the imbalance in hormones can prevent the mucous membrane of the uterus from developing properly to allow implantation of the fertilized egg, which will prevent the onset of pregnancy.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_3

Due to unbalanced hormones, ovulation and menstruation can be irregular. Unpredictable menstrual cycles can also make it difficult to get pregnant. [<a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/312841#causes" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 7</a>]

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_4

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_5

When pregnancy occurs, women with PCOS are at greater risk of [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/bg/eng/research/pubmed/Pregnancy_complications_in_women_with_polycystic_ovary_syndrome_18181085" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref. 8</a>]:

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_6

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Miscarriage;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="/p/diabiet_po_vriemie_na_briemiennost_simptomi_riskovie_i_svieti_245acb17_9bf9_4af8_a562_bd8e4664e6e5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Gestational diabetes</a> [ref. 9];</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Preeclampsia;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Cesarean section;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">The baby can be born with more weight or spend more time in neonatology.</li>
</ul>

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_7

These complications are preventable under careful medical supervision, as well as with effort on the part of the woman with PCOS, who plans pregnancy: weight loss if he is overweight, and lowering blood sugar if it is too high.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_8

With the necessary preparation and attention to the condition, conception and wear of a healthy baby, it is quite possible for sufferers of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Effects-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-on-fertility-and-pregnancy_3_9

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The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance and infertility