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What-is-autism---substance-and-risk-factors

What is autism - substance and risk factors

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or only "autism" is a complex developmental condition that involves constant difficulties in social communication, limited interests and repetitive behavior. While autism is considered a lifelong disorder, the degree of damage to functioning due to these difficulties varies between people with autism.&nbsp;

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Currently, the scientific community suggests that several genetic factors may increase the risk of autism in a complex way. The presence of certain specific genetic conditions, such as brittle X chromosome syndrome and tuberous sclerosis, have been identified as particularly increasing the risk of diagnosing autism. Some drugs, such as valproic acid and thalidomide when taken during pregnancy, are also associated with a higher risk of autism. Having close relatives, such as a brother or sister with autism, also increases the likelihood that the child will be diagnosed with autism. The higher age of parents during pregnancy is further associated with a greater risk of autism. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/autism/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorder" target="_blank" data-ref="What Is Autism Spectrum Disorder?" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

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"Autism disorder" is what most people have heard as a term and perceived as autism. The spectrum of autistic disorders also includes Asperger's syndrome, child disintegrative disorder and an unspecified form of pervasive developmental disorder. All these conditions are now called autism spectrum <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html" target="_blank" data-ref="Basics About Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD | CDC" rel="noopener">disorder</a>&nbsp;.&nbsp;

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What published scientific data reveals 

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It is assumed that the intestinal microbiome affects various conditions of human health, such as Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and others with inflammatory component, as well as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This leads to suggestions that changing the microbiome - whether through diet, probiotics or otherwise - can alleviate symptoms. However, a study published in Cell on 11 November 2021 reversed this hypothesis. According to the data in the document, the eating behavior of people with autism spectrum disorder is what determines the composition of their intestinal microbiome. While the findings throw doubt on the potential of ASD treatments aimed at manipulating the microbiome, it is still too early to totally reject them.

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Although some individuals with autism disorder have gastrointestinal problems and unbalanced gut microbe or dysbiosis, the evidence that this contributes to ASD symptoms is inconclusive. This is the position of co-author of the study Chloe Yap, a research clinician in the Neurogenetics Laboratory Jake Gratton of the Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland. For example, animal studies showing that carrying certain microbes into mice can alleviate behaviors similar to ASD are difficult to interpret, Yap says, because "rodents don't get autism."&nbsp;

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According to Kevin Mitchell, a neurobiologist and developmental geneticist at Trinity College Dublin, there are things we can measure in animals that humans claim to be associated with autism in some way, but the evidence base for this is very weak. &nbsp;As for research and experiments in humans, according to Yap, they were generally "small and not large enough to extract definite conclusions, and the results are actually quite variable."

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To clarify the issue, Yap, Gratton and their colleagues return to the basics in a sense, looking into whether there is any link between the profiles of intestinal microbes and various clinical measures in autism disorder. The team used state-of-the-art DNA sequencing to analyze the presence, proportions and diversity of microbial species in stool samples from 247 children, 99 of them diagnosed with autism and 148 without a diagnosis of autism. They also have access to really very in-depth data that many other studies have not had access to, including clinical data, diet data, and genetic data. With this toolkit of methods, the team was able to gather very comprehensive information about these factors that can affect the microbiome. &nbsp;<a href="https://secure.jbs.elsevierhealth.com/action/cookieAbsent" target="_blank" data-ref="DEFINE_ME" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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The next question the scientists ask themselves is: "for a specific characteristic to what extent is the microbiome generally associated with this characteristic?" It turns out that the overall profiles of the participants' microbiomes are strongly related to traits such as age, diet and stool consistency, Yap says, but the link to the diagnosis of autistic disorder itself is weak.

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Looking specifically at the diversity of microbiomes, the team found a strong positive relationship with the diverse diet. Notabaly, this relationship existed regardless of ASD diagnosis, although children diagnosed with ASD were more likely to have a limited and poor diet than those without a diagnosis. The team also found that this diet appeared to be guided by certain ASD-related traits, including limited, repetitive behavior and sensory sensitivity.

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This explanation seems plausible, according to Chloe Yap, "because if there are things you like to do over and over again, then maybe the same applies to food and you like to eat the same thing over and over again." Similarly, for sensory sensitivity, a child "may not like the sound of a certain food when chewing it, or the feeling of it in his mouth."

Basics About Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | NCBDDD | CDC

The factors that determine the mental development of the child are many. It has already been proven that physical activity and food are among the most significant of them. 

Which foods boost children's brain development since conception

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The earth is not infinitely abundant in resources. We humans destroy entire ecosystems to maintain our destructive eating habits. Nutrition is not the only thing to worry about, however. With the abundant fat and carbohydrate diet come diseases that are preventable through plant nutrition. Switching to a plant-based diet can help reduce obesity, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. But will it also help the Earth to survive it? 

6 easy ways to switch to a plant-based diet

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Rumex L. species have received huge recognition since humans used plants and herbs as a cure against diseases due to their healing benefits and various therapeutic advantages. Rumex is the second largest genus of the Polygonaceae family and among its most famous representatives is Rumex acetosa, which we know as "sorrel". This is a perennial herbaceous plant with numerous applications and opportunities for culinary use, which we will present to you in this article.

Sorrel for improved digestive and anti-inflammatory function, plus more benefits

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The liver is a unique human organ that is responsible for removing toxins from your body, producing bile and fulfilling other important metabolic functions. It has the ability to regenerate to some extent, but that doesn't mean we can do what we want and not be responsible for the consequences. Congested liver can cause serious health problems, among which hepatitis, vascular diseases of the liver, alcoholic and toxic damage and others. A healthier diet, as well as consuming some superfoods and herbs can help detoxify this important organ.

Superfoods and herbs from Traditional Chinese medicine for liver detoxification

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One of the most common questions that people with arthritis would ask is related to the way of eating with this disease. So, is there a special diet for arthritis? Although there is nothing like a miraculous diet for arthritis, many foods can help to combat inflammation and improve joint pain and other symptoms. It is probably no surprise that much of it consists of anti-inflammatory foods and foods rich in antioxidants. In this article, we will look at what these foods are and provide more information about herbs that can also be beneficial in arthritic pain.

The best diet for arthritis + the best herbs

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An increasing number of people are choosing to eat less meat or try a diet that includes possibly fish such as flexitarian diet. There are many reasons for people to choose to make this change, but health benefits are often one of the main motives. Another argument is the ethical side of things - do we need to kill animals for a living, and can we replace meat with other non-meat foods? This study sheds light on the health benefits that provide the so-called "plant-based" eating or the plant-based diet, and why the risk of developing cancer is lowered with low meat consumption.

Lower risk of cancer with low meat consumption 

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The health benefits of walnuts are many and include reducing LDL (bad) cholesterol, preventing inflammation, improving metabolism, weight management (when taken in moderation) and diabetes control. Walnuts are amazing and can also be beneficial for brain health. These are some of the great health benefits that walnut tree fruits provide us with. And what are the others - we will reveal in this article.

The 8 proven health benefits of walnut consumption

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We have all been interested in ways to lose weight – whether it would be with just a diet, workouts or combined, we have studied which method of all would be the easiest, most durable, the fastest. One of the most famous methods of losing weight is intermittent fasting or intermittent energy limitation. This method is initially known for not having to restrict the types of food we eat, only the time we eat in. However, scientists became intrigued, began to study the effects of this "diet" on the body and brain and found many interesting and beneficial effects on the body, which are also essential for the brain. This changes the fame of intermittent fasting from a "way of losing weight" to a "way to improve quality of life."

Does intermittent fasting affect the brain?

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Overall, according to the study authors, the findings support a pattern in which ASD-related repetitive behavior and sensory sensitivity lead to limited diet diversity and therefore - limited diversity of bacteria in the gut. In other words, reduced dietary diversity in the way of eating is what leads to changes in the microbiome, not the other way around. In addition to a more in-depth study of this hypothesis, it is also important to focus efforts on a better understanding of which children with autism can be effectively influenced by intervention to enrich the intestinal microbiome.

The role of nutrition and intestinal health in the development of autism 

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Бетина Цветкова

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Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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Many women's dream is to start a family, to watch how one, two, three or even more little people grow up before their eyes and become big girls and boys, full of dreams and a desire for adventure. Unfortunately, however, not everyone is favoured with this opportunity. About 2-2.5% of women undergo two or more miscarriages, which is defined as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and may be associated with reproductive problems (1).

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In this article, we will discuss the most common causes, as well as other main factors that are believed to contribute to repeated miscarriages. Finally, we will talk about what type of tests can be done to establish the cause and what treatments and methods are applied to overcome this problem.

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Most common causes of recurrent abortions

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There are many reasons that are considered leading in repeated pregnancy loss. As science and medicine progress, the influence of more and more factors is proven, which sometimes creates differences in conclusions between different state reproductive organizations. As leading factors, genetic, anatomical, endocrinological and immunological problems are noted.

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Anatomical-factors

Anatomical factors

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Anatomical defects in the uterus occur in 10%-15% of cases of repeated abortions (6). It is believed that the way they contribute to a miscarriage is by cutting blood circulation to the lining of the uterus (endometrium), which in turn leads to a number of reproductive problems. The most common anatomical defects found in women undergoing RPL are congenital genetic defects, intrauterine adhesions and uterine fibroids or polyps (6).

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Intrauterus adhesions, often associated with Asherman's syndrome, are common in RPL. They can be developed after a coarse curettage or other surgical interventions of the uterus, birth by caesarean section, radiotherapy, endometriosis or various infections such as genital tuberculosis. Adhesions of the uterus are caused by the formation of a cicatricial connective tissue resembling scars of the endometrium and leads to a change in its size and shape. Depending on the size of conglutination, this condition may not constitute a problem or even lead to infertility (7).

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Uterine fibroids and polyps are also associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Fibroids, also called myomas or leiomyomas, are harmless growths from the muscle tissue of the uterus, while polyps are growths from the endometrium. Many women have such excrescences but most do not pose a problem. These formations can lead to miscarriage by preventing the egg from being properly implanted into the uterus. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 5%-10% of sterile women have myomas (8).

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Genetic-factors

Genetic factors

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Genetic factors include mainly chromosomal abnormalities, which can usually occur with the development of the embryo or be inherited from the parents. It is believed that about 2%-8% of couples who suffer from repeated pregnancy loss have an abnormal karyotype (karyotype is the totality of all chromosomes) (2), but embryonic chromosomal abnormalities are rare in RPL (4). About 50%-60% of all early miscarriages are due to defects in the karyotype (2). The most common hereditary chromosomal abnormalities in recurrent pregnancy loss are translocations, with the most commonly observed in RPL being reciprocal (about 60% of the translocations) and Robertson translocations (about 40% of the translocations).

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Reciprocal translocation is called the exchange of genetic material between two different chromosomes, and Robertson translocation is the joining of the long arms of one chromosome with the long arms of another chromosome and of the short ones with the short ones, forming two wrong-sized chromosomes (4). Although we have no influence on these genetic events, most parents who carry such genetic defects give life to a perfectly healthy child. If you have already suffered a miscarriage caused by chromosomal abnormalities, the probability of a subsequent abortion for the same reason is very low.

Endocrinological-factors

Endocrinological factors

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17%-20% of recurrent pregnancy loss is associated with endocrinological problems in women. The main ones are polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease. Scientists are discussing the possibility that a defect in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle may have an impact on RPL, but this is still up for debate. Polycystic ovary syndrome is found in at least 40% of women who go through repeated pregnancy loss (9).

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These women are known to have insulin resistance and hyperinsolemia, hyperandrogemia and increased levels of a plasminogen activator-1 inhibitor – factors that have been proven to interfere with the course of normal pregnancy (6,10). In women suffering from diabetes mellitus, there is no increased risk of miscarriage, as long as insulin and glycosylated haemoglobin levels are kept to normal (11). &nbsp;Similarly, women with hypothyroidism may have a normal pregnancy and a healthy child if maintaining normal levels of thyroid hormone. If levels are not regulated during pregnancy, the risk of abortion, as well as of congenital genetic problems of the child after birth increase (12).

Immunological-factors

Immunological factors

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With the development of science there is deeper understanding of the influence of immunological factors on RPL. During implantation of the egg in the uterus, in the formation of the placenta and in the development of the embryo, a large number of different immune processes are involved, immune teams of guards, the role of which is to accompany and preserve the normal course of all these reproductive processes.

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Unfortunately, however, in some cases, the immune cells – guards make mistakes and cause problems in pregnancy. A main such problem is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which occurs in 15% of patients who undergo recurrent abortions (13). This is a rare autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks parts of the cell membrane called phospholipids. The cells that make up the lining of blood vessels are damaged, which causes increased formation of clots in the blood. This is a major problem in pregnant women, because communication between the mother and the embryo happens by blood. This disease can lead to blockage of blood vessels in the placenta, which would interfere with the development of the embryo and therefore lead to miscarriage. Another immunological factor for RPL is considered the possibility of the mother organism not recognizing the fetus as its own and disposing of it. Since the embryo carries genetic information from both the mother and the father, the paternal antigens which the fetus presents may be identified as alien by the mother's immune system and the placenta may be discarded (14).

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Other factors associated with THE PA

Thrombophilia

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The main thrombophilia most often associated with repeated pregnancy loss are:

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(a) Hyperhomocysteinemia, which occurs from a mutation in a specific gene called methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Opinions in science are still conflicting about whether this gene has any connection to vascular diseases at all, but many of the women who undergo repeated abortions have this mutation.

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b) Resistance to activated protein C – occurs from a mutation in Factor V Leiden. This mutation is a major genetic change in thrombophilia, since with its presence it is considered that the body goes into a state of hypercoagulation.

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c) Deficiency of activated protein C and protein S – these can be both congenital and acquired as a result of liver diseases, some infections, vitamin K deficiency and others. Congenital protein C deficiency arises from a mutation in the PROC gene, and in protein S - from a mutation in the PROS1 gene.

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(d) Mutations in prothrombin and antithrombin.

Fragmentation-of-sperm-DNA

Fragmentation of sperm DNA

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In a large number of cases of repeated abortions the cause is not in the woman but in the other partner, whose genetic material is also transmitted to the fetus. Most men have a subpopulation of sperm in their ejaculate, the DNA of which is damaged before or during ejaculation. In some subfertile men, the number of such spermatozoa is increased and this may be associated with the advent of repeated miscarriages (18).

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Impact of environmental factors on the occurrence of recurrent miscarriages

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There are various factors which some people face every day, which may contribute to the risk of recurrent miscarriages. Daily alcohol, cigarettes and coffee intake are most commonly discussed. Drinking alcohol 3 times a week for the first 3 months or 5 times a week during pregnancy has been shown to increase the risk of miscarriages. Smoking cigarettes is associated with constriction of blood vessels due to the presence of nicotine in them, which reduces blood circulation to the placenta and can be the cause of miscarriage (6). Coffee intake can also be a factor in miscarriage, as has been demonstrated in some studies (16,17). Although there are clearly risks of taking these substances, no link has yet been found between their intake and RPL.

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What tests can you do to find the cause?

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A visit to the gynecologist is inevitable after a miscarriage. While you are in the office, hysteroscopy can be done – a study in which the doctor examines the condition of the uterus from the inside using a small camera. Another study that is done in a specific place for the procedure is a hysterosalpingogram. In this study, fluoroscopy is performed – a contrast agent is injected into the cervix, which diffuses along the uterus and fallopian tubes. The process is observed on an X-ray and it visualizes whether there is a blockage of the fallopian tubes.

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Conducting cytogenetic analysis is a commonly prescribed study in patients who have suffered repeated miscarriages. Cytogenetic analysis allows to see all the chromosomes of the patient after only one blood collection. Chromosomes are isolated from the blood cells and then stained by a special method, allowing them to be seen under a microscope and to find out if any chromosomal defects are present.

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Examination of hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), checking the ovarian reserve by examining follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol may be useful in RPL. If you experience irregular menstruation, it can be seen whether antithyroid antibodies are present, which are detected in 17%-33% of women who have suffered 3 or more miscarriages (19). Checking if insulin resistance is present may also be helpful after undergoing RPL.

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Since antiphospholipid syndrome is indisputably associated with repeated abortions, it is significant to test for the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant, which will indicate whether the patient has an increased risk of forming blood clots.

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Despite numerous associations of thrombophilia with miscarriages in women, they have not yet been accepted as a major factor in repeated abortions, but rather as an accompanying factor to other factors that make a greater contribution to the occurrence of such events. Nevertheless, it is advisable that women who have a history of thrombosis take a blood test for the presence of thrombophilia.

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Last but not least, it is important to establish whether the cause of RPL comes from the male partner by examining the seminal fluid for DNA fragmentation. There are several different methods that can be conducted for this analysis, but all of them evaluate whether there is damage in sperm DNA.

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Therapies-that-may-improve-the-chances-of-conception-in-RPL

Therapies that may improve the chances of conception in RPL

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If an anatomical problem is detected, it can be removed surgically which often gives good results. If there are genetic abnormalities, including fragmentation of DNA in spermatozoa, the best option is to approach various in vitro procedures. Therapy with insulin-sensitive agents such as metformin improves performance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (20). If there is an increased risk of thrombus formation, therapy with low molecular weight anticoagulants, such as heparin, is recommended. For some women, it is even advisable to continue taking them during pregnancy. Other easy changes that can be done in everyday life that can have big impact on the improvement in the chances of conception is the management of a healthy lifestyle by both partners – healthy eating, more movement, no drinking of alcohol, coffee and no smoking cigarettes, taking vitamins and antioxidants.

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Conclusion

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Nowadays, about 25%-30% of women go through hardships to discover the cause of repeated abortions, many of which even remain unclear. It is believed that in about 40%-50% of cases the exact cause cannot be found (6). However, most women who undergo repeated miscarriages (about 70%-75% of them) subsequently manage to give life to a healthy child (3).

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Dimitriadis, E., Menkhorst, E., Saito, S.&nbsp;et al. (2020).&nbsp;Recurrent pregnancy loss.&nbsp;Nature Reviews Disease Primers6, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00228-z" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00228-z</a>

Pal, A. K., et al. (2018). Chromosomal Aberrations in Couples with Pregnancy Loss: A Retrospective Study.&nbsp;Journal of human reproductive sciences, 11(3), 247–253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_124_17" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_124_17</a>

Hyde, K. J., &amp; Schust, D. J. (2015). Genetic considerations in recurrent pregnancy loss.&nbsp;Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 5(3), a023119. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a023119" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a023119</a>

El Hachem, H., et al. (2017). Recurrent pregnancy loss: current perspectives.&nbsp;International journal of women's health, 9, 331–345. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S100817" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S100817</a>

Danielsson, K. (2020). How a septate uterus increases miscarriage risk. VeryWellFamily

Ford, H.B., &amp; Schust, D. J. (2009). Recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, diagnosis, and therapy.&nbsp;Reviews in obstetrics &amp; gynecology, 2(2), 76–83.

Asherman syndrome - adhesions in the uterine cavity - en

Care England. Uterine Fibroids, Polyps &amp; Abnormalities. womenandinfants.org

Raj, Raj, Backos, M., Rushworth, F., Regan, L. (2000). Polycystic ovaries and recurrent miscarriage—a reappraisal, Human Reproduction, Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 612–615, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.3.612" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/15.3.612</a><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14669168/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14669168/</a>

Mills, J. L. et al. (1988). Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identifies within 21 days of conception. The New England Journal of Medicine. 319:1617-1623. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501

Thyroid Disorders and Pregnancy | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Di Prima, F. A. et al. (2011). Antiphospholipid Syndrome during pregnancy: the state of the art. Journal of prenatal medicine, 5(2), 41–53.

W. Tang, Z. Alfirevic, S. Quenby, Natural killer cells and pregnancy outcomes in women with recurrent miscarriage and infertility: a systematic review, Human Reproduction, Volume 26, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 1971–1980, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der164" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der164</a>

Kwak, J.Y., Beer, A.E., Kim, S.H. and Mantouvalos, H.P. (1999), Immunopathology of the Implantation Site Utilizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Natural Killer Cells in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Losses. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 41: 91-98.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00080.x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1999.tb00080.x</a>

Rasch, V. (2003), Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 82: 182-188.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00078.x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00078.x</a>

Cnattingius, et al. (2000). Caffeine Intake and the Risk of First-Trimester Spontaneous Abortion. New England Journal of Medicine. 343.25. Pages 1839-1845. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200012213432503

Robinson, L., et al. (2012). The effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on miscarriage rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Human Reproduction, Volume 27, Issue 10, Pages 2908–2917, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des261" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des261</a>

Antithyroid antibodies TATE MAT. Reproinova.com

Feng, Ye &amp; Yang, H. (2017) Metformin – a potentially effective drug for gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal &amp; Neonatal Medicine,&nbsp;30:15,&nbsp;1874-1881,&nbsp;DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2016.1228061" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1080/14767058.2016.1228061</a>

Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

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 Most common causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

Ивелина Янкова

Author: Elena Marinova, Master of Pharmacy

We all know that a panacea, unfortunately, does not exist, but chamomile has been considered as such for many years. Known since ancient times, this herb deservedly received the nickname "the star among the medicinal species", which is still relevant today. Chamomile is used for both internal and external use, and the rich set of biologically active substances determines its various healing properties.

Special-Aroma

Special Aroma

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Near or in populated areas, by roads or on meadows, in turbulent and abandoned places, between May and July, you will surely find the small yellow-and-white flowers of chamomile. You will recognize it even blindfolded only by the aroma, which is so specific, so pleasant and soothing, so familiar... This aroma is due to the high content of essential oils and is one of the main criteria that distinguish chamomile from its doppelgangers.

What-Is-Chamomile-And-How-To-Recognize-It

What Is Chamomile And How To Recognize It

What-Is-Chamomile-And-How-To-Recognize-It_1_0

Chamomile is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Compositae. It is distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. Two close varieties of the plant Chamomilla recutita are used as an herb - German chamomile and Chamaemelum nobile - Roman chamomile.

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From the Greek its name means "earth apple". The leaves of chamomile are filamentous, and the flowers are collected in a basket inflorescence. Besides the aroma, the other important distinguishing feature of the herb is the flower bed, which is conical and hollow.

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A Look At Antiquity

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Chamomile was used thousands of years ago by the ancient Romans, Egyptians and Greeks to treat various diseases and conditions - <a href="/p/krviashchitie_vientsi_kak_da_sie_spravim_s_probliema_s_prirodni_sriedstva_512d3da9_67c1_47e1_bf6a_6c9d9bef6c59" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">inflammation of the gums</a>, sore throat, <a href="/p/inkhalatsiia_s_bilki_pri_bronkhit_kashlitsa_zachiervieno_ghrlo_khriema_i_trievozhnost" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">lung diseases</a>, <a href="/p/trievozhnost_i_biezsniie_kakvo_priedlagha_prirodata_eef882c6_b669_4aea_9d2d_1e11852fbcfe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">insomnia</a> and others.

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In the Tibetan mountains lived monks who had a lot of knowledge about herbs. They invented a special recipe for rejuvenation, the main component being chamomile. Unfortunately, the herb cannot rejuvenate us, but it contributes to our skin being smooth, tender, beautiful and it is no coincidence that it is part of many herbal creams and lotions.

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 Easy recipes from Russian folk medicine for the treatment of skin diseases. Part 2: acne, dermatitis, rosacea

Medicinal plants for healthy and beautiful skin. Part 1

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Ancient Egyptian doctors emphasized the internal application of chamomile and the benefits it brings - every third day of the month, chamomile tea was drunk to detoxify the body.

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Chamomile---A-Herb-With-Many-Names-And-Useful-Properties

Chamomile - A Herb With Many Names And Useful Properties

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Its other Latin name Matricaria recutita is related to the application of chamomile in case of problems with the female reproductive system. The herb is used in:

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<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">inflammation</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">muscle spasms</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">menstrual disorders</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">skin irritations and wounds</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">gastro-intestinal disorders</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">hemorrhoids</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">hay fever <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Chamomile_A_herbal_medicine_of_the_past_with_bright_future_21132119" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> [ref.1]</a></li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cosmetics and <a href="/p/aromatierapiiata_kak_sami_da_prilozhim_tazi_praktika_ot_drievnostta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">aromatherapy</a></li>
</ul>

Pregnancy, childbirth, children