The flowering plant family Lauraceae, the laurels, includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur mainly in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America. Many are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but some, such as Sassafras, are deciduous, or include both deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, especially in tropical ...

lauraceae

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Natural-remedies

Natural remedies

Tea-tree-oil-(Melaleuca-alternifolia)

Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)

Tea-tree-oil-(Melaleuca-alternifolia)_0_0

Tea tree oil is derived from the leaves of the Australian tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia. This plant is a member of the Myrtaceae family and is native to Australia. Tea tree oil has been widely studied for its antifungal properties and is considered a potent alternative for treating onychomycosis (1).

Recipe-for-home-preparation

Recipe for home preparation

Recipe-for-home-preparation_0_0

Mix a few drops of tea tree oil with a carrier oil, such as coconut or almond oil, and apply it to the affected nails twice daily.

Scientific-reference

Scientific reference

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&nbsp;(1) Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., &amp; Riley, T. V. (2003). Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(4), 853-860.

Scientific-reference_0_1

Oregano-oil-(Origanum-vulgare)

Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare)

Oregano-oil-(Origanum-vulgare)_0_0

Oregano oil is derived from the leaves and flowers of the oregano plant, Origanum vulgare. This plant belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Mediterranean region. Oregano oil contains a compound called carvacrol, which has been shown to possess strong antifungal properties against nail fungus (2).

&nbsp;Mix 2-3 drops of oregano oil with a carrier oil and apply to the affected nails twice daily.

&nbsp;(2) Nostro, A., Sudano Roccaro, A., Bisignano, G., Marino, A., Cannatelli, M. A., Pizzimenti, F. C., ... &amp; Blanco, A. R. (2007). Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(4), 519-523.

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)_0_0

Garlic, Allium sativum, is a member of the Alliaceae family and has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Recent studies have shown that garlic extracts exhibit potent antifungal activity against onychomycosis (3).

&nbsp;Crush a few cloves of garlic and apply the paste directly onto the affected nails. Alternatively, you can also dilute garlic oil with a carrier oil and apply it to the nails.

&nbsp;(3) Lemar, K. M., Turner, M. P., &amp; Lloyd, D. (2002). Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: a comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 93(3), 398-405.

Cinnamon-oil-(Cinnamomum-zeylanicum)

Cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Cinnamon-oil-(Cinnamomum-zeylanicum)_0_0

Cinnamon oil is derived from the bark of the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, which belongs to the Lauraceae family. Studies have shown that cinnamon oil has antifungal activity against nail fungus (4).

&nbsp;Mix a few drops of cinnamon oil with a carrier oil, such as jojoba or almond oil, and apply it to the affected nails twice daily.

(4) Quale, J. M., Landman, D., Zaman, M. M., Burney, S., &amp; Sathe, S. S. (1996). In vitro activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum against azole resistant and sensitive Candida species and a pilot study of cinnamon for oral candidiasis. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 24(02), 103-109.

Questions-and-Answers

Questions and Answers

Questions-and-Answers_1_0

Q: How long does it take to see improvement in my nails after using these herbal remedies?

Questions-and-Answers_1_1

A: The duration for visible improvement varies from person to person, depending on the severity of the infection and individual response to the treatment. However, it's important to be patient and consistent with the application of these herbal remedies. You may start to see improvement in a few weeks, but it can take several months for the nails to fully recover.

Questions-and-Answers_1_2

Questions-and-Answers_1_3

Q: Can I combine multiple herbal remedies for better results?

Questions-and-Answers_1_4

A: Yes, you can combine different herbal remedies to enhance their antifungal properties. For example, you can mix tea tree oil with oregano oil or garlic oil with cinnamon oil. Always make sure to dilute the essential oils with a carrier oil before applying to the affected nails.

Questions-and-Answers_1_5

Questions-and-Answers_1_6

Q: Are there any side effects to using these herbal remedies?

Questions-and-Answers_1_7

A: Herbal remedies are generally considered safe when used as directed. However, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions, especially when using undiluted essential oils. It's important to perform a patch test on a small area of skin before applying any remedy to the affected nails. If you experience any adverse effects, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

Questions-and-Answers_1_8

Questions-and-Answers_1_9

Q: Can I use these remedies for toenail fungus as well?

Questions-and-Answers_1_10

A: Yes, these herbal remedies can be used for both fingernail and toenail fungus. The application method and frequency remain the same for both types of nail fungus.

Referrals

Referrals_1_0

(1) Hammer, K. A., Carson, C. F., &amp; Riley, T. V. (2003). Antifungal activity of the components of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95(4), 853-860.

Referrals_1_1

(2) Nostro, A., Sudano Roccaro, A., Bisignano, G., Marino, A., Cannatelli, M. A., Pizzimenti, F. C., ... &amp; Blanco, A. R. (2007). Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 56(4), 519-523.

Referrals_1_2

(3) Lemar, K. M., Turner, M. P., &amp; Lloyd, D. (2002). Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: a comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 93(3), 398-405.

Referrals_1_3

(4) Quale, J. M., Landman, D., Zaman, M. M., Burney, S., &amp; Sathe, S. S. (1996). In vitro activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum against azole resistant and sensitive Candida species and a pilot study of cinnamon for oral candidiasis. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 24(02), 103-109.

In conclusion, herbal remedies like tea tree oil, oregano oil, garlic, and cinnamon oil offer promising alternatives for treating onychomycosis. These natural remedies have been scientifically studied and proven to exhibit antifungal properties against nail fungus. With proper and consistent application, they can potentially help banish nail fungus and restore the health of your nails.

Banishing Nail Fungus: Top Herbal Remedies for Onychomycosis

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The-most-important-thing-about-cancer

The most important thing about cancer

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_0

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_1

Cancer is a complex genetic disorder that catalyzes the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells throughout the body, leading to life-threatening consequences. Aging, differences in lifestyle, genetic factors, hormonal changes and environmental exposure to carcinogens constitute major factors leading to cancer activation in humans. 1

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_2

According to 2020 statistics, cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020, or nearly one in six deaths. Globally, about 17 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year, and this trend is forecast to intensify dramatically in the near future. About 36 types of cancer have already been identified in humans, and a significant association between sex and type of cancer has been observed. Men are usually more prone to colorectal cancer, liver, lung, prostate and stomach cancers, while women suffer more from breast, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, lung and thyroid cancer. 2&nbsp;

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_3

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_4

In general, the development of cancer can be divided into three stages:

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_5

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which exposure to a carcinogen induces DNA damage and mutations at the cellular level due to damage/error in DNA repair mechanisms;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Initiation in which cell expansion leads to hyper proliferation, modification and inflammation of cells/tissues;&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Progression in which tumor formation occurs from preneoplastic cells by clonal expansion. 3</li></ul>DNA damage causes genomic instability, which is a major cause of cancer 4. Although some of the conventional methods such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are effective in treating cancer, they can lead to major side effects and toxicity.

The-most-important-thing-about-cancer_0_6

Given the lack of effective and safe approaches, as well as the complexity of cancers, the development of new and natural chemotherapeutic agents is strongly needed. In this respect, the pharmacological properties of certain essential oils may be available therapies to suppress cancer. 5

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects

Essential oils: general information and biological effects

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_0

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_1

The discovery of natural plant-based products is rightly recognized as a milestone in the history of healthcare, and their introduction to the market in combination with synthetic drugs helps to lead favorably in various health problems. As a result, the extraction of plant secondary metabolites, such as essential oils by steam or hydrodistillation processes, has made significant progress over the years. Stored in oil/resinous ducts, glands or trichomes of plants, these essential oils play an important role in protecting against extraneous agents and are involved in signal transduction pathways.&nbsp;

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_2

Essential oils are a complex mixture of various chemical compounds, mainly characterized by volatility, aroma, low molecular weight and density. The diverse biological properties of essential oils stem from differences in their chemical composition and structure. At present, three main classes of components in essential oils have been identified, namely terpenes and terpenoids (with major contributions), phenols and aliphatic compounds.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Essential-oils:-general-information-and-biological-effects_1_3

The data from the study on which this article is based are focused on studies dealing only with in vitro (non-living test)/in vivo (live testing) anticancer activities of essential oils in general. The analysis in Scopus was carried out for the last 10 years (2011–2020) on September 14, 2021, so the information is up to date as of that date.

Essential-oils-are-cytotoxic-in-nature

Essential oils are cytotoxic in nature

Essential-oils-are-cytotoxic-in-nature_2_0

Essential-oils-are-cytotoxic-in-nature_2_1

Essential oils cause programmed cell death of cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle arrest, and dysfunction of major cellular organelles. This is coordinated by an increase in membrane fluidity of the affected cell, decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a change in the pH gradient and loss of mitochondrial potential, which are the main precursors of cell death. All three main types of chemical components in oils, i.e. phenols, aldehydes and alcohols, have been described to fulfil this function.

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents

Essential oils such as antimutagenic and antiproliferative agents

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents_3_0

Antioxidants are defined as compounds that can inhibit/slow the oxidation of free radicals when used in small amounts. Antioxidant action is one of the key biological properties of essential oils to cope with oxidative stress. For example, under in vivo conditions, increasing the activity of various antioxidant enzymes and oxidized glutathione from the components of the oil of Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.&nbsp; provides protection against lung cancer in mice. 6

Essential-oils-such-as-antimutagenic-and-antiproliferative-agents_3_1

With regard to the antimutagenic activity of essential oils, cancer can be inhibited by preventing the direct penetration of mutagens into the cell membrane, inactivating mutagens by direct clearance, trapping free radicals produced by mutagens, inhibiting the conversion of promutagens to mutagens by cytochrome P450 enzyme, enzymatic detoxification of mutagens, and efficient error-free DNA repair.&nbsp;

Antiproliferative-activity-of-essential-oils

Antiproliferative activity of essential oils

Antiproliferative-activity-of-essential-oils_4_0

Essential oils can exert an antiproliferative effect through multiple mechanisms, including cell membrane disruption (depolarization, increase in membrane permeability, or decrease in the activity of membrane-bound enzymes) and induction of apoptosis. 7

Essential-oils-and-their-constituents-in-different-cancer-cell-lines

Essential oils and their constituents in different cancer cell lines 

Essential-oils-and-their-constituents-in-different-cancer-cell-lines_5_0

Over the past few years, the chemoprevention of cancer using essential oils or their components has attracted a lot of attention among the scientific community. Many in vitro/in vivo studies have highlighted the anticancer activity of oils and, more precisely, their main constituents in various tumour cell lines. Next, we will look at who they are and in which types of cancer they can have the necessary effect.

Essential-oils-for-breast-cancer

Essential oils for breast cancer

Essential-oils-for-breast-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Abies koreana (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia atroviridis Griff. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Glandora rosmarinifolia (Boraginaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Helichrysum gymnocephalum (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Altingiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans. (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus Apiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Solanum spirale Roxb.&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-breast-cancer

Essential oils in human breast cancer

Essential-oils-in-human-breast-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrelopsis grevei (Rutaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melaleuca armillaris(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Monodora myristica (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Satureja montana L. subsp. pisidica (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-glioblastoma

Essential oils in human glioblastoma

Essential-oils-in-human-glioblastoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-colon-carcinoma

Essential oils in human colon carcinoma

Essential-oils-in-human-colon-carcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. (Huaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii Hochr. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-human-mammary-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils in human mammary adenocarcinoma

Essential-oils-in-human-mammary-adenocarcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nepeta ucranica L. spp. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li></ul>

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus. (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Drimys angustifolia (Winteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Piper cernuum (Piperaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Scorodopholeus zenkeri (Fabaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-prostate-cancer

Essential oils for prostate cancer

Essential-oils-for-prostate-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ageratum conyzoides (L.) (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Bursera glabrifolia (Burseraceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cymbopogon giganteus. (Poaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Iryanthera polyneura (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Varthemia iphionoides (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-colorectal-cancer

Essential oils for colorectal cancer

Essential-oils-for-colorectal-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aquilaria crassna (Thymelaeaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus camaldulensis. (Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Thymus fallax (Lamiaceae)</li></ul>&nbsp;

Essential-oils-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia

Essential oils in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Essential-oils-in-acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus excela (Cupressaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cedrus libani (Pinaceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-lung-cancer

Essential oils for lung cancer

Essential-oils-for-lung-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Eucalyptus globulus(Myrtaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pluchea dioscoridis L. (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Populus alba L. (Salicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Zingiber striolatum (Zingiberaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-liver-cancer

Essential oils for liver cancer

Essential-oils-for-liver-cancer_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Artemisia indica (Asteraceae)&nbsp;</li></ul>

Essential-oils-in-melanoma

Essential oils in melanoma

Essential-oils-in-melanoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (Huaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Athanasia brownii (Asteraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Casearia sylvestris&nbsp; (Salicaceae/Flacourtiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Curcuma aromatica (Zingiberaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria friesiana (Annonaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Neolitsea variabillima (Lauraceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Origanum onites L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pituranthos tortuosus (Apiaceae)</li></ul>

Essential-oils-for-ovarian-adenocarcinoma

Essential oils for ovarian adenocarcinoma

Essential-oils-for-ovarian-adenocarcinoma_5_0

<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Mentha villosa Huds. (Lamiaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae)&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Guatteria pogonopus Mart. (Annonaceae)</li></ul>

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils

Anticancer effect of the main ingredients of essential oils

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_0

D-limonene, monoterpene in the fruit peels of citrus essential oils (90–95%) exhibits cytotoxicity against stomach cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma. Similarly, carvacrol (phenolic monoterpenoid) can inhibit tumor growth in stomach cancer cells by increasing apoptotic proteins such as Bax (Bcl-2-linked X protein, apoptosis regulator) and caspases with concomitant reduction of Bcl-2 (B -cell lymphoma 2) expression. Citral showed antitumor effects in various cancer cell lines such as MDA-MB-231, Ishikawa, ECC-1, LNCaP, PC-3, SF-767, SF-763, LU134AM, LU135, LU165, MN1112, HCT116, HT-29, AGS, NB4, and A431.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_1

A combined formula of citral (80 μM) and curcumin (40 μM) also acts synergistically in suppressing the growth of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 by inducing apoptosis, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in the G0/ G1 phase. In vitro/in vivo cytotoxic potential of citronellol has been reported against human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Citronellol induced cell cycle arrest in NCI-H1299 (NSCLC cell line) due to the increased expression of cyclins (cyclin D and E) and CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2). There was a decrease in tumour volume in mice treated with increasing doses of citronellol (12.5, 25 and 50 mg kg-1). An antiproliferative effect of geraniol (monoterpenoid) was observed in cells A549 (IC50 = 797.2 μM) and tumor growth was suppressed in mice (at 50 and 75 mmol geraniol kg-1 food) due to apoptosis and cell death.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_2

Globularifolin iridoid exhibits cytotoxicity against U87 glioma cells due to an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of cancer cell migration and invasion.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_3

In vitro cytotoxicity of quinocitiol (tropolone monoterpenoid) was observed (at 10 μM) in mouse melanoma cells (B16-F10); However, under in vivo conditions, mice treated with 10–20 μg michi-1 quinokitiol showed a decrease in tumor nodules. Increased expression of p53 (tumor suppressor), Bax, caspases, cytochrome c, and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphatase-3 and downregulation of survivin (apoptosis inhibitor), MMPs, and phosphorylation of ERK has been reported to induce apoptosis in quinocitiol A549 and B16-F10-treated cells.&nbsp;

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_4

Similarly, treatment with linalool (monoterpene alcohol) reduces proliferation and cell viability in colorectal cancer, colon carcinoma, hepatocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma and prostate cancer. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), one of the main components of garlic essential oil, stops the division of human esophageal squamous cell cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Myristicin, an active component of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans), exhibits cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis of K562 human leukemia cells.

Anticancer-effect-of-the-main-ingredients-of-essential-oils_6_5

Other constituents of essential oils, such as bacuiol (monoterpene), myrtenal (bicyclic monoterpene), oleuropein (secoiridoid), perylyl alcohol (menthane monoterpene), thymol (monocyclic phenolic monoterpene), α-bisabolol (monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol), α-thujone (ketone monoterpene), camphene (bicyclic monoterpene), iatammanwaltrate P (iridoid ester), eugenol (phenylpropanoid), germakren D (sesquiterpene), nymbolide (terpenoid lactone), patchouli alcohol (sesquiterpene alcohol), α-Santalol (sesquiterpene), carveol (monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol), carvone (monoterpene), isopulegol (monoterpene alcohol),&nbsp;&nbsp; β-caryophyllene oxide (bicyclic sesquiterpene) and β-elemen (sesquiterpenoid oxide)&nbsp; have also been reported as cytotoxic and antiproliferative compounds with anticancer effects.

It has been found that various essential oils possess countless biological activities and beneficial components that can affect the development of various forms of cancer. These essential oil constituents contribute to the potential anticancer, antitumor, and antiproliferative properties of essential oils. They are specific to each type of plant and can be the basis of anticancer therapy, as well as used in the form of liposomes/nanoemulsions/nanoparticles against various types of cancer.

Anti-cancer properties of essential oils and their components

Бетина Цветкова

What-is-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries (the organs that produce and release eggs) are affected, creating an excess of male hormones. If you have PCOS, your ovaries produce abnormally high levels of hormones called androgens. This leads to an imbalance of reproductive hormones and disrupts the entire hormonal background in the body, leading to other health problems and disorders.&nbsp;

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As a result, women with polycystic ovary syndrome often have an irregular menstrual cycle, miss monthly menstruation or have unpredictable ovulation. Small cysts can develop on the ovaries (fluid-filled bags) due to lack of ovulation (anovulation). However, although the name of the condition is 'achievable', you do not necessarily have cysts on your ovaries to develop PCOS. The condition can develop without them.

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Some of the most important facts regarding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that you need to know are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Many women suffer from polycystic ovary syndrome without being aware of it. A study shows that up to 70% of women suffering from this disease are not diagnosed. [&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/102/2/604/2972079" target="_blank" data-ref="Delayed Diagnosis and a Lack of Information Associated With Dissatisfaction in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A woman can develop PCOS at any time after puberty. Most women are diagnosed in their 20s or 30s when trying to get pregnant. Research shows that polycystic ovary syndrome is transmitted by inheritance. [&nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/ENDO:30:1:19?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=b5683b1b-1b01-46cc-ad97-682a72958184" target="_blank" data-ref="The role of genes and environment in the etiology of PCOS - Endocrine" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">You may have a higher chance of developing PCOS if you are overweight or obese, or if other people in your family have PCOS. [&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/jes/article/3/8/1545/5518341" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rotterdam criteria have been established, according to which "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is determined by the presence of two out of three of the following criteria: oligoanovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries (&ge; 12 follicles with a diameter of 2-9 mm and/or ovarian volume 10 ml in at least one ovary)." [&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajum.12096" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;] together with ultrasound examination and other diagnostic methods, they can facilitate better and early diagnosis of PCOS, reducing health risks.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">About 70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome have insulin resistance, which means that their cells cannot use insulin properly. [&nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028211028123" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;] Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It helps the body use sugar from food to generate energy. When cells do not consume insulin properly<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277302/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">, the body's need for it increases</a>. The pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for this. Excess insulin causes the ovaries to produce more androgens (male hormones).</li></ul>

The-most-popular-symptoms-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

The most popular symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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Some women face symptoms around their first cycle. Others found they had ovarian cancer after gaining a lot of extra weight or having difficulty conceiving. Imbalance in the menstrual cycle can also be a signal that a woman suffers from PCOS.

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The most common symptoms of this disease are:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Irregular menstruation. The absence of ovulation interferes with the monthly discharge of the surface layer of the uterine mucosa (endometrium). Some women with polycystic have less than eight menstruations per year, and there are cases in which the menstrual cycle is completely absent. [ <a href="https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic ovary syndrome | Office on Women's Health" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Severe bleeding. The endometrium becomes more massive, therefore the menstruations are heavier than usual.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">More than 70% of women with this disease have facial hair appearing at unusual areas of the body - back, abdomen, breasts. Excessive body hair in these areas is called hirsutism. [&nbsp;<a href="http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/77195" target="_blank" data-ref="Hirsutism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Management" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;]</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Acne. Male hormones (androgens) can make the skin oilier than usual and cause skin imperfections in areas such as the face, chest and upper back.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Weight gain. Up to 80 percent of women with PCOS are overweight or obese, as cited by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=redirect&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;utm_campaign=otn" target="_blank" data-ref="Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)" rel="noopener">[ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;]&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Male pattern&nbsp;baldness. Hair on the scalp becomes thinner and can fall out more.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Darkening of the skin. Dark spots on the skin can form in folds on the body, such as those of the neck, in the groin and under the chest.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Headache. Hormonal changes can cause headaches in some women.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Low-grade inflammation: Women with PCOS tend to have chronic low-legrade inflammation. The healthcare professional you are targeting can perform blood tests that measure levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells to check for such inflammation in the body.</li></ul>

Herbal-treatments-for-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-(PCOS)

Herbal treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

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According to a study conducted by Iranian and German scientists, published on June 3, 2019 [&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/6/215" target="_blank" data-ref="The Effectiveness of Herbal Mixture Supplements with and without Clomiphene Citrate in Comparison to Clomiphene Citrate on Serum Antioxidants and Glycemic Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Willing to Be Pregnant: A Randomized Clinical Trial" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp;], supplements from herbal mixtures, in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC), have a beneficial effect on serum antioxidant levels, as well as on glycaemic biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome, causing infertility, regulation of menstruation and successful conception.&nbsp;

According to the results of a team of scientists who conducted a randomized blind study on the effectiveness of herbal extracts in PCOS, the herbal mixture of four components - mint, ginger, Ceylon cinnamon and sweet orange, demonstrated powerful antioxidant activity. It is due to the total content of phenols and flavonoids. As the study shows, supplements from herbal mixtures, together with clomiphene citrate, can have a beneficial effect on serum antioxidant levels, as well as on glycaemic biomarkers of infertility in PCOS, regulating menstruation and increasing the chance of becoming pregnant. Ginger with a wide range of antioxidants and polyphenol compounds such as β-carotene, ascorbic acid, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols such as flavonoids, flavon glycosides, is considered the richest source of phytochemical antioxidants. Phenolic phytochemicals of mint significantly improve antioxidant protection. The bark of C. sinensis is also very rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, which can be consumed as natural antioxidants. These natural remedies can help with a variety of health problems, including overweight, impaired immunity, high blood pressure and obesity, as well as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

lauraceae

Anti-cancer properties of essential oils and their components

Effectiveness of herbal supplements in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer (part one)

Plants and foods that are toxic for your pets