Phyllanthus niruri is a widespread tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas, known by the common names gale of the wind, stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf. It is a relative of the spurges, belonging to the genus Phyllanthus of the family Phyllanthaceae.

It grows 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall and bears ascending herbaceous branches. The bark is smooth and light green. It bears numerous pale green flowers which are often flushed with red. The fruits are tiny, smooth capsules containing seeds.

phyllanthus niruri

What-is-yarrow-(Achillea-millefolium)

What is yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

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What-is-yarrow-(Achillea-millefolium)_0_1

Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium)&nbsp; is a common perennial wild flower that usually grows in pastures, by the roads and even in desolate places. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/15221" target="_blank" data-ref="Achillea millefolium" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; There are long fragrant leaves and flat white colored heads that are attractive to a wide range of pollinators, especially flies.&nbsp;

What-is-yarrow-(Achillea-millefolium)_0_2

Achillea millefolium is a highly variable species - it is treated both as a species with varieties and as many different species. A. millefolium is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, for example, A. millefolium is a complex of native and introduced plants and their hybrids.&nbsp;

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The yarrow contains phytochemicals, which can help stop stomach cramps and fight infections. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2021/6643827/" target="_blank" data-ref="Achillea Species as Sources of Active Phytochemicals for Dermatological and Cosmetic Applications" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; People often use yarrow in problems such as eczema, irritable colon syndrome (IBS), wound healing and many other conditions, but not all of them have sufficient scientific evidence.

Benefits-and-Uses-of-Yarrow-Herb-(Achillea-millefolium)

Benefits and Uses of Yarrow Herb (Achillea millefolium)

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Achillea spp. is well known for its wide range of applications and its long history of use in traditional medicine around the world. The health benefits of Achillea extracts are the result of the numerous secondary metabolites identified in plants of this genus, which include flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, guayanolydes, phytosterols, fatty acids and organic acids. Several extracts and isolated compounds from Achillea millefolium also show significant inhibitory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of tyrosinase and thus are interesting candidates for active ingredients of drugs and cosmetic products protecting the skin. There are studies that also reveal anti-inflammatory potential in local application of the herb. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037887411730418X" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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Next, we will consider the benefits and applications of yarrow tea, which extend from support wound healing, to anti-inflammatory action in the body.

Yarrow-for-wound-healing

Yarrow for wound healing

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Since the time of Ancient Greece, yarrow has been used in paws and ointments to treat wounds. An animal study found that yarrow leaf extracts show anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, both of which help heal wounds. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105004320" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a> Indians and early settlers used yarrow because of its bloodsucking action, which makes it an effective remedy for wound healing.

Yarrow-to-relieve-digestive-problems

Yarrow to relieve digestive problems

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Yarrow has long been used to treat digestive problems such as ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), whose symptoms include stomach pain, diarrhea, bloating and constipation. In fact, this herb contains several flavonoids and alkaloids, which are plant compounds known to alleviate digestive complaints.

Yarrow-to-relieve-digestive-problems_1_1

In a study in rats, tonic with yarrow extract protects against damage to gastric acid and demonstrates anti-ulceration properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106001565" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;

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Another animal study found that flavonoid antioxidants in yarrow tea can fight digestive cramps, inflammation and other symptoms of IBS. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0031-1296755" target="_blank" data-ref="Thieme E-Journals - Arzneimittelforschung / Abstract" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Yarrow-to-reduce-symptoms-of-depression-and-anxiety

Yarrow to reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety 

Yarrow-to-reduce-symptoms-of-depression-and-anxiety_1_0

Flavonoids and alkaloids in yarrow tea can alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety, as indicated in several studies. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2016.00028/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Plant Alkaloids as an Emerging Therapeutic Alternative for the Treatment of Depression" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;Studies have shown that plant-based alkaloids such as those in yarrow tea reduce secretion of corticosteroid, a hormone that is high during chronic stress.

Yarrow-against-inflammation

Yarrow against inflammation

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&nbsp;While inflammation is a natural bodily response, chronic inflammation can lead to damage to cells, tissues and organs in the human body. Yarrow can reduce inflammation of the skin and liver, which can help treat skin infections, signs of skin aging and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00366.x" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[Ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Yarrow-against-inflammation_1_1

Yarrow has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, including as a herbal tea, tonic and in other forms. Research shows that its plant compounds can help heal wounds, digestive problems, liver diseases and other conditions. Further research is needed in humans to confirm these actions.

5 Benefits and Uses of Yarrow Yea (Achillea millefolium)

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Бетина Цветкова

A-few-words-about-Lovage

A few words about Lovage

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Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a well-known aromatic plant that is often used to make dishes, flavors and medical preparations. Levisticum officinale, has a distinct earthy taste, similar to celery, but with scents of spices. This perennial herb has many uses &ndash; leaves, roots and seeds are edible &ndash; and can be used as an ingredient in soups, sauces and stews, as an accompaniment to fish dishes and to improve the taste of pickles. [ <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/16222" target="_blank" data-ref="Levisticum officinale" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a> ]&nbsp;

A-few-words-about-Lovage_0_1

Above-ground parts are typically used as food, and in the past the roots were used in folk medicine because of their diuretic and antispasmodic properties. Therefore, the exploitation of this undervalued part of the plant can be a source of valuable bioactive compounds for the food and/or pharmaceutical industry, as well as for any fan of natural remedies. [ <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/9/7/81" target="_blank" data-ref="Lovage (Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch) Roots: A Source of Bioactive Compounds towards a Circular Economy" rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;]

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Health-benefits-provided-by-Lovage

Health benefits provided by Lovage

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In <a href="../../p/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB-Levisticum-officinale" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the first part of</a> the topic we explored the beneficial effect of lovage on the digestive system, for relieving arthritic pain, calming symptoms associated with colitis and others. We continue with a review of other studied positive effects in humans and animals provided by the perennial herb Levisticum officinale.

Antibacterial-effects

Antibacterial effects 

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Research shows that lovage has a significant effect on various microbes and foreign agents that can cause disease in the body. Although research is still ongoing, studies have found positive links between taking lovage and reducing E. coli, Salmonella and other dangerous infections. [ <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-002-0293-0?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=079ede9c-f6c1-4354-83ed-7e75d52b8e10" target="_blank" data-ref="Botanical medicines for the urinary tract - World Journal of Urology" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;]

Antibacterial-effects_1_1

Antiallergic-action

Antiallergic action

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Many of the health benefits of lovage are associated with its anti-inflammatory and soothing nature, and the same applies to countering the effects of allergens. In addition, there are significant amounts of quercetin in the plant, which is a natural inhibitor of histamines. It can reduce the allergic reaction of your body, which is expressed with itching in the eyes, runny nose and other symptoms. [ <a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2001/731956/" target="_blank" data-ref="Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Compounds Isolated from Plants" rel="noopener">[ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;]

Support-for-healthy-joints

Support for healthy joints

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Regular use of lovage can help maintain healthy joints. This is a great benefit for elderly people who usually have joint health problems.

Support-for-the-pulmonary-system

Support for the pulmonary system

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Levisticum officinale can help support lung function. This also means&nbsp; improved function of other organs and systems that directly depend on the lungs.

Reduces-inflammation-&-relieves-pain

Reduces inflammation & relieves pain

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Levisticum officinale has mild painkiller effect and can help relieve joint pain, abdominal cramps, possibly headaches and other types of pain. Research has shown that angelic acid is responsible for the mild analgesic properties of lovage, but other volatile compounds in its composition and even nutrients (such as magnesium with its antispasmodic effects) contribute to its analgesic benefits. &nbsp; <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Antioxidative_and_Potentially_Anti_inflammatory_Activity_of_Phenolics_from_Lovage_Leaves_Levisticum_officinale_Koch_Elicited_with_Jasmonic_Acid_and_Yeast_Extract_30979087" target="_blank" data-ref="Antioxidative and Potentially Anti-inflammatory Activity of Phenolics from Lovage Leaves Levisticum officinale Koch Elicited with Jasmonic Acid and Yeast Extract. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

Helping-to-urinate-and-support-the-kidneys

Helping to urinate and support the kidneys

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Levisticum officinale is an aquaretic or a type of diuretic that intensifies urination without leading to the loss of electrolytes. Increased urination clears the urinary system and calcified kidney stones, which perhaps helps prevent the formation of kidney stones.

Fights-harmful-microorganisms

Fights harmful microorganisms

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Most plants produce natural chemicals to combat harmful organisms. While some plant chemicals - such as resveratrol - work independently, researchers have found that chemical compounds in lovage work together to create a very powerful effect against harmful organisms. Scientists have found that the extract of this plant is among the most potent, acting against gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, H. pylori and H. influenza. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7346211/" target="_blank" data-ref="In vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-metabolic Syndrome, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Effect of Phenolic Acids Isolated from Fresh Lovage Leaves [Levisticum officinale Koch] Elicited with Jasmonic Acid and Yeast Extract" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp;

Traditional-uses-of-Lovage

Traditional uses of Lovage

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tea from lovage can be applied to wounds as an antiseptic or drunk to stimulate digestion.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage is a warming and restorative herb for the digestive and respiratory system.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Roots, leaves and fruits are antispasmodic, aromatic, diuretic, slightly expectorant and stimulating urination.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage is used internally in the treatment of stomach disorders, especially in colic and flatulence in children, kidney stones, cystitis, painful menstruation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Essential oil from seeds is used by aromatherapists to remove freckles and spots on the face.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage is used in urinary tract infections, kidney and bladder stones.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Traditionally used to reduce flatulence and as a natural remedy for abdominal pain caused by meteorism.</li></ul>

Culinary-applications-of-Lovage

Culinary applications of Lovage

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Leaves can be used in salads, for making soup or for seasoning broths.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Roots can be consumed as a vegetable or grated for use in salads.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Seeds can be used as a spice, similar to fennel seeds.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Leaves and stems can be consumed raw or boiled.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">It is used as a spicy aroma in salads, soups, stews, etc., giving a aroma close to that of celery.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">The seeds have a strong taste of yeast and are used as a flavoring in sweets, soups, salads and others.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage is used with oregano and garlic for tomato sauces in Italy, and people in the Netherlands use it as an ingredient in asparagus dishes.</li></ul>

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Before-consuming-or-using-Lovage

Before consuming or using Lovage

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">It is claimed that the plant contains the suspected psychotropic substance myristicin.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">The volatile oil is an irritant.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">It is contraindicated in inflammation of the kidneys or urinary tract.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage can be harmful to women, and it is recommended that women who are pregnant or suffer from menstrual disorders avoid this herb.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lovage can also cause photodermatitis, a skin allergy that occurs after eating the herb and exposure to sunlight.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">People with kidney problems should restrain from consuming or using lovage or its derivatives.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">People with allergic conditions should avoid consuming lovage.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Excessive consumption of the herbal plant can lead to diarrhea.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Excessive use (repeatedly above the recommended dose) may cause kidney damage.</li></ul>

Recipe-for-soup-with-lovage

Recipe for soup with lovage

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If you don't have contraindications or allergies diagnosed, then you can enjoy lovage in a delicious warm soup according to our recipe.

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Necessary products:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">20 grams cow's butter from pasture animals</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 onion, finely chopped</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves, chopped</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A few young stems of lovage, chopped</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">1 small handful of lovage leaves, grated</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">700 millilitres of homemade bone broth or chicken or vegetable broth</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">2 small lettuces, finely chopped</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">100 grams of peas</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Himalayan salt and freshly ground black pepper</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">A few teaspoons cr&egrave;me fraiche or raw yogurt</li></ul>Instructions for preparation:

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<ol><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Heat the butter in a large saucepan over medium-low heat.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add the onion, thyme and a pinch of salt and stew until the onions are soft and transparent, about 10 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add the stalks and stew for a few minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pour in the broth and simmer for 10 minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Add the rest of the vegetables (but set aside a few leaves of lovage for dressing) and simmer for five minutes.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Season and serve with a little yogurt or cr&egrave;me fraiche and lovage leaves.</li></ol>

A unique medicinal herb, the lovage can be consumed as a fresh vegetable or used in cooking to improve taste and add nutrients to food. Its health benefits include improved urinary health, antibacterial properties, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effect. Unless there is a reason to&nbsp; avoid it, Levisticum officinale can be a very fresh and aromatic way for diversifying your culinary masterpieces, providing great health benefits.

Top health benefits of Levisticum officinale (Part 2)

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Top health benefits of the plant Lovage (Levisticum of

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Origin-and-characteristics-of-Lovage

Origin and characteristics of Lovage 

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Levisticum officinale, the scientific name Lovage, is a highly perennial plant, the only species of the genus Levisticum, of the Apiaceae family, of which dill, angelica, carrot, celery and parsley are also members and share the same characteristic aroma and taste.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/16222" target="_blank" data-ref="Levisticum officinale" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a> ] The exact place of origin is unclear. Some sources mention that it occurs first in parts of Europe and Southwest Asia, others point to the Eastern Mediterranean, and others suggest that southwest Asia is grown first in Iran and Afghanistan.&nbsp;

Origin-and-characteristics-of-Lovage_0_1

Lovage has long been cultivated in Europe, with leaves used as an herb, roots as a vegetable, and seeds as a spice, especially in Southern European cuisine. Today it is used in many parts of the world due to its amazing taste and important health benefits.

Health benefits provided by Lovage 

Levisticum officinale is a remarkable herb and is useful for the digestive tract and especially - for the respiratory system. Since it is rich in nutrients and can be consumed fresh to preserve all its nutrients, so the herb can contribute to better immunity, as well as energize and strengthen the body. Let's look at some distinctive properties and applications of lovage.

Beneficial-effect-on-digestive-function

Beneficial effect on digestive function

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The anti-inflammatory nature of lovage makes it an ideal tool for soothing an upset stomach and restoring balance&nbsp; in the gastrointestinal system. Lovage&nbsp;can help reduce bloating and excess gases by reducing irritation in the intestine and promoting healthy, normal movement in the colon. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13749-012-0004-4?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=ecc72799-f9cc-4446-b4d8-f7a6adba0b3a" target="_blank" data-ref="Herbal preparations and homemade herbal teas for children - Nutrafoods" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Relief-of-arthritic-pain

Relief of arthritic pain

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The natural anti-inflammatory effect of lovage makes it an appropriate remedy for people with arthritic pain, including in conditions such as gout, arthritis and others. &nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00503.x" target="_blank" data-ref="Just a moment..." rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; It can be consumed as a fresh vegetable or used for cooking to improve taste and add nutrients to food.

Calming-symptoms-associated-with-colitis

Calming symptoms associated with colitis

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Lovage is rich in compounds such as citric, eugenol and quercetin, which can have anti-inflammatory effects in colitis. Studies involving citric have shown that it provides soothing effects throughout the body, although the action is more <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0024320513002385" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">pronounced in problems related to colitis.</a>&nbsp;[ref. 4]&nbsp;

Support-of-the-respiratory-system

Support of the respiratory system

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If you suffer from a respiratory disease, lovage can act as an expectorant to clear excess mucus from the respiratory system. In addition, eucalyptus, one of the main calming agents found in it, can reduce irritation and inflammation in the lungs, encouraging faster healing.

Relief-of-severe-menstruation

Relief of severe menstruation

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When taken at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, lovage can act to soothe many of the most severe side effects of menstruation, including cramps and bloating. It also has a high density of nutrients, making it effective for maintaining energy and mood during these difficult days of the month. &nbsp;<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-57840-3_9?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=4490cf8a-9f01-45cb-941c-c673998dde58" target="_blank" data-ref="Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Koch (Lovage)" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

Antibacterial effects

Research shows that virgin has a significant effect on various microbes and foreign agents that can cause disease in the body. Although research is still ongoing, studies have found positive links between the intake of Levisticum officinale and the reduction of E. coli, Salmonella and other dangerous infectious agents. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00345-002-0293-0?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=db36e939-d221-41d8-a528-03a90c8e135f" target="_blank" data-ref="Botanical medicines for the urinary tract - World Journal of Urology" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a> ] The antibacterial activity of the plant has also been studied in pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Antibacterial_activity_and_interactions_of_plant_essential_oil_combinations_against_Gram_positive_and_Gram_negative_bacteria_28911683" target="_blank" data-ref="Antibacterial activity and interactions of plant essential oil combinations against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a> , as well as with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/The_activity_of_Levisticum_officinale_W_D_J_Koch_essential_oil_against_multidrug_resistant_Mycobacterium_tuberclosis_30873267" target="_blank" data-ref="The activity of Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch essential oil against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberclosis. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

Levisticum-officinale-is-gentle-on-skin

Levisticum officinale is gentle on skin

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The calming properties of lovage are also manifested on the skin. When the leaves are applied directly to the skin or ointment is made, it can be very effective in reducing the symptoms of psoriasis and acne. Antioxidants found in the plant can also help prevent the formation of wrinkles in some cases and increase blood flow to the surface of the skin, improving its tone and appearance.&nbsp;

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The most important health benefits of the plant Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

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The most important health benefits of the plant Devesil (Levisticum officinale

Herbs-and-spices-for-the-prevention-and-treatment-of-cancer

Herbs and spices for the prevention and treatment of cancer

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)_0_0

Cloves are extracted from flower buds of the Eugenia caryophyllata tree. Several bioactive components are found in carnations, including tanins, terpenoids, eugenol and acetylevgenol. <a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Clove_Syzygium_aromaticum_a_precious_spice_25182278" target="_blank" data-ref="Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp; Cloves originate in Indonesia and are used for culinary purposes in many countries. Although no human studies have been conducted so far to evaluate the use of cloves for cancer prevention, several studies conducted in mice have suggested its effectiveness, especially in modifying cell detoxification processes.&nbsp;

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)_0_1

For example, the study "Plant products as protective agents against cancer" noted that feeding mice with 40 mg. clove per gram of food leads to an increase in GST activity (glutathione-S-transferase) compared to those who did not receive the spice. The physiological significance of these findings remains unclear, since the increase is approximately 2% above normal in the liver (insignificant), 18% in the stomach (p&lt;.05) and 33% in the esophagus (p&lt;.05). In the same study, there was also an increase in concentrations of GST in the stomach (p .05), which implies the detoxifying effect of the ingredients of cloves in the stomach. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2283166/" target="_blank" data-ref="Plant products as protective agents against cancer - PubMed" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Clove-(Syzygium-aromaticum)_0_2

In another study, feeding cloves (0.5%, 1% and 2%) to mice for different durations (10, 20 and 30 days) modified several Phase II enzymes associated with the bioactivation of a carcinogen.<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1913628/" target="_blank" data-ref="Modulatory influences of clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus, L) on hepatic detoxification systems and bone marrow genotoxicity in male Swiss albino mice - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp; A dose-dependent response has been observed for several detoxification enzymes. After 20 days, all exposures result in a significant increase in GST and cytochrome b5.&nbsp; Eugenol may be responsible, at least partially, for the induction of Phase II enzymes, which is one of the ingredients of cloves. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Sesquiterpenes_from_clove_Eugenia_caryophyllata_as_potential_anticarcinogenic_agents_1402962" target="_blank" data-ref="Sesquiterpenes from clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) as potential anticarcinogenic agents. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp;

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Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 

Coriander-(Coriandrum-sativum)_0_0

Coriander is an herb of the Apiaceae family and originates from southern Europe and North Africa to Southwest Asia. Although all parts of the plant are edible, its fresh leaves and dried seeds are most often used in cooking.&nbsp;

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Coriander is common in many foods around the world. One of its main ingredients is linalool. Several animal studies provide evidence that coriander seeds can stimulate the antioxidant system of the liver, but more human studies need to be done to clarify its benefits. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0271531701003384" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;

Cumin-(Cuminum-cyminum)

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)

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Cumin is a flowering plant of the Apiaceae family and originates in the region of the eastern Mediterranean and India. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14753" target="_blank" data-ref="Cuminum cyminum" rel="noopener">[ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; Timoquinone is the most common component of black cumin seed oil. Cumin has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and chemoprophylactic properties. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Chemopreventive_effects_of_Cuminum_cyminum_in_chemically_induced_forestomach_and_uterine_cervix_tumors_in_murine_model_systems_15087270" target="_blank" data-ref="Chemopreventive effects of Cuminum cyminum in chemically induced forestomach and uterine cervix tumors in murine model systems. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 7]</a>&nbsp;Part of this response may be due to the ability of cumin to influence phase II enzymes, similar to cloves.&nbsp;

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There is significant evidence of the ability of thymoquinon to suppress the proliferation of tumor cells, including colorectal cancer, adenocarcinoma of the breast, osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer, myeloblastic leukemia and pancreatic cancer. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/biological_role_of_akt_and_regulation_of_akt_signaling_pathway_by_thymoquinone_perspectives_in_cancer_therapeutics_33019927" target="_blank" data-ref="Biological role of AKT, and regulation of AKT signaling pathway by thymoquinone: perspectives in cancer therapeutics | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[Ref. 8]</a>&nbsp;

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Dill-(Anethum-graveolens)

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

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Dill is a relatively short-lived perennial spice. Dill is an herb that practically has two components depending on the seasons. In early spring, the leaves are used, and in autumn you could use the seeds of the spice. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14939" target="_blank" data-ref="Anethum graveolens" rel="noopener">[ref. 9]</a>&nbsp; The main ingredients of dill oil are anethofuran or 3,6-dimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7a-hydroxobenzofuran and carvon or p-mint-1,8-dien-2-one. As with other spices, there is evidence that dill promotes drug detoxification mechanisms by increasing the activity of the GST detoxification enzyme.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/pubmed/Anethofuran_carvone_and_limonene_potential_cancer_chemopreventive_agents_from_dill_weed_oil_and_caraway_oil_1438594" target="_blank" data-ref="Anethofuran, carvone, and limonene: potential cancer chemopreventive agents from dill weed oil and caraway oil. | Билкови и природни лекарства" rel="noopener">[ref. 10]</a>&nbsp;

Garlic-(Allium-sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

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Garlic is&nbsp; a member of the Alliaceae onion family. Garlic has been used throughout history for both its culinary and healing properties. The distinctive characteristics of garlic stem from sulfur, which accounts for almost 1 % of its dry weight. The main sulphur-containing ingredients are &gamma;-glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines and S-alc(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides. Preclinical models provide fairly compelling evidence that garlic and associated components can reduce the incidence of breast, colon, skin, uterus, esophagus and lung cancers. However, research in humans is insufficient to draw the same conclusions about its action in humans.&nbsp;

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Several lipid and water-soluble organosulfur compounds of garlic have been studied for their antiproliferative efficacy. Some of the more commonly used lypidosoluble compounds of allyl sulfur in tumorogenesis studies are ajoene, DAS, DADS and dialyl trisulphide (DATS). The degradation of allicin seems necessary to achieve maximum inhibition of the tumor. Allyl-sulfur compounds more successfully suppress neoplastic over neoplastic cells, according to Allyl sulfides from garlic suppressing the in vitro cell a549 lung tumor cells. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9427979/" target="_blank" data-ref="Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 11]</a>&nbsp; Allyl sulfurs can lead to changes by affecting genomic expression by affecting the homeostasis of histone. Allyl mercaptane is also a particularly potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase. Inhibition of HDAC has the potential to depress epigenetically muted genes in cancer cells, leading to cell cycle cessation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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Ginger-(Zingiber-officinale)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 

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Ginger is a member of the Zingiberaceae family and is widely consumed not only as a spice, but also as a healing agent. It is sometimes called 'root ginger' to distinguish itself from other products that share the name. The main ingredients of ginger include [6]-gingerol, [6]-paradol, [6]-shogaol (gingerol for dehydration) and zingeron.&nbsp;

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Several studies have examined the antioxidant properties of ginger. Gingerol has also been shown to reduce intracellular ROS formation in human keratinocyte cells, inhibit angiogenesis in the human endocannabinoid system and limit expression of nitric oxide synthase and epidermal growth factor-induced cell transformation and AP-1 transcription complexes in JB6 cells&nbsp; [ref.12]

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Various animal models were used to investigate the role of ginger in cancer prevention, with some results being for increased activity of aril hydroxylase by about 25%, increased glutathione-S-transferase by 60% and others.&nbsp;

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In prostate cancer, the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-5 (MKP5) is distinguished as a pro-inflammatory inhibitor in the congenital and adaptive immune response in vivo. [ref.13] Ginger extracts, more than its individual components, have been shown to inhibit lipopolysaccharides-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production to an extent similar to that of indomethacin (a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug).

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Ginger also seems to have antitumorogenous properties. Several cell lines have been studied for their sensitivity to ginger. In general, while the anticancer effects of ginger are intriguing and several processes may be associated with observed reactions, further studies are needed to determine the overall benefits for humans.

Rosemary-(Rosmarinus-officinalis)

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Rosemary-(Rosmarinus-officinalis)_0_0

Rosemary is a woody herb with fragrant coniferous leaves that contains a number of potentially biologically active compounds, including antioxidants such as carnotic acid and rosemary acid. Other bioactive compounds include camphor (up to 20% in dry rosemary leaves), caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosemarydiphenol and rosmanol.&nbsp;

There is growing evidence suggesting that cancers are not an inevitable consequence of aging, but preventable diseases. All scientific data presented in Part One and Part Two of this topic suggest that many spices and herbs can contribute to lowering the risk of cancer and affect the behavior of tumor formations through various mechanisms of action.