Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance)  refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal.  Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized (immune) state of the host. The Gell and Coombs classification of hypersensitivity is the most widely used, and distinguishes ...

hypersensitivity

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Common-skin-anomalies-or-changes

Common skin anomalies or changes

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Moles: are frequently benign, but modifications to their color, size, or shape may be a sign of melanoma, a kind of skin cancer. Melanoma is a severe illness that requires immediate medical attention. If you observe any changes in your moles, we advise that you visit a dermatologist.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lesions: can be brought on by allergies, cancer, or even infections. The skin cancers basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma can both appear as lesions. We advise visiting a dermatologist if you discover any new or atypical lesions. In some cases, a biopsy may be needed to determine the lesion's malignancy.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Rashes: These symptoms may indicate underlying medical conditions like lupus or psoriasis. If an inexplicable rash that won't go away after using over-the-counter medications.</li></ul>

Other-Serious-and-Life-Threatening-Skin-Disorders

Other Serious and Life-Threatening Skin Disorders

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that, if untreated, can be fatal. We advise visiting a dermatologist right away if you discover any new moles, changes in the size or shape of an existing mole, or other strange skin growths. The likelihood of survival can be significantly increased by early detection and treatment.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Cancerous Kaposi sarcoma is more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as individuals with HIV or AIDS. Can result in skin, mouth, and other places having red or purple sores. If you have HIV or AIDS and discover any strange skin growths or lesions, we advise that you consult an oncologist. Treatment for Kaposi Sarcoma may include chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Merkel Cell Carcinoma: a rare but aggressive type of skin cancer that often appears as a painless lump on the skin. Can spread quickly and be difficult to treat if not caught early. We recommend seeing a dermatologist or an oncologist if you notice any unusual lumps or growths on your skin. Treatment for Merkel Cell Carcinoma may include surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.</li></ul>

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Herbal-and-natural-remedies

Herbal and natural remedies

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While natural remedies can be helpful in some cases, they are not a substitute for professional medical treatment. Here are some natural remedies that may help soothe and heal your skin:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aloe vera gel: Can help soothe sunburned skin and other skin irritations.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tea tree oil: Can help fight acne and other skin infections.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Coconut oil: Can help moisturize dry skin and hair.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chamomile tea: Can help soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Turmeric paste: Can help reduce inflammation and heal skin irritations</li></ul>&nbsp;

Foods,-medications,-and-allergies-that-can-result-in-skin-issues

Foods, medications, and allergies that can result in skin issues 

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Medications:&nbsp;

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibiotics: Certain antibiotics, including sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and penicillin, can trigger allergic responses that lead to hives, rashes, and other skin issues.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, can result in Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a form of allergic reaction that can result in severe skin rashes, blisters, and peeling.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anticonvulsants: Certain anticonvulsants, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine, can result in hypersensitivity responses and skin rashes.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Chemotherapy medications: Certain chemotherapy medications, such as doxorubicin and methotrexate, can result in skin issues such rashes, blisters, and discoloration of the skin.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">ACE inhibitors: ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril and lisinopril, can result in angioedema, a side effect that can result in swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat.</li></ul>&nbsp;

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Active compounds in medications that can cause skin problems:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Penicillin: beta-lactam ring</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Tetracycline: tetracycline hydrochloride</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Aspirin: acetylsalicylic acid</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Ibuprofen: ibuprofen lysine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Naproxen: naproxen sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Phenytoin: phenytoin sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Carbamazepine: carbamazepine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lamotrigine: lamotrigine</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Doxorubicin: doxorubicin hydrochloride</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Methotrexate: methotrexate sodium</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Enalapril: enalapril maleate</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Lisinopril: lisinopril dihydrate</li></ul>

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Pollen: Pollen allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, rash, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Latex: Latex allergy can cause skin problems such as itching, rash, and hives.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Dust mites: Dust mite allergy can cause eczema, hives, and other skin reactions.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Animal dander: Animal dander allergy can cause hives, eczema, and other skin reactions.</li></ul>Foods:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Shellfish: Shellfish allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, eczema, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Peanuts: Peanut allergy can cause skin problems such as hives, rash, and itching.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Milk: Milk allergy can cause skin problems such as eczema and hives.</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Wheat: Wheat allergy can cause skin problems such as hives and eczema.</li></ul>Always see a medical practitioner if you believe you may have a medicine allergy or food intolerance as this list is not complete.

Changes or abnormalities in your skin can be alarming, but it's important not to panic. Many skin problems are treatable if detected in time. If you notice unusual skin changes or abnormalities, we recommend that you seek medical attention immediately. Remember that prevention is the best medicine. Protect your skin from the sun and avoid behaviors that can damage your skin, such as smoking.

When Your Skin Needs More Than Just a Moisturizer: Understanding Skin Changes and Abnormalities

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When Your Skin Needs More Than Just a Moisturizer: Understanding Skin 

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What-is-Snake-Milk-(Chelidonium-majus)

What is Snake Milk (Chelidonium majus)

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Contrary to expectations, snake milk has little to do with the cold-blooded animals that scare many people. Snake milk (Chelidonium majus) is a delicate, herbaceous two-year-old plant that reaches 30-80 centimeters in height. Its stems are ribbed and branched. When the branches or leaves are broken, you can see how to separate yellowish-orange juice, which slightly resembles snake venom. In larger quantities, this juice can be poisonous, and toxicity decreases significantly when drying the plant. This aspect will be analyzed later.

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<ol><li>Chelidonium&nbsp;Majus is native to Europe and is also found in the western and central part of Asia and North Africa. It is found from Portugal to the west, also in Central, Eastern and Northern Europe. The Asian range covers Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Caucasus and Siberia. In North America, it's an introverted plant.</li><li> majus has been known as a healing species since ancient times. The healing properties of C. majus are described by Dioscoride and Pliny the Elder in the first century BC. The main medical use of jaundice, described from ancient times to the sixteenth century, is the treatment of visual impairments and eye diseases with the help of herbal juice. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00299/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Greater Celandine's Ups and Downs&minus;21 Centuries of Medicinal Uses of Chelidonium majus From the Viewpoint of Today's Pharmacology" rel="noopener">[ref. 1]</a>&nbsp;Snake milk was used as a medicinal plant in the Middle Ages mostly for the treatment of eye diseases, throat cleansing, treatment of ulcers and skin eczema, as well as against colic and jaundice.&nbsp;</li><li>&nbsp;Chelidonium majus is one of the most famous tools in folk medicine for the treatment of jaundice and liver diseases, such as inflammations, spastic conditions and gallstones. In Poland, the piece of young jaundice leaves was used as a bile agent and to regulate the action of the digestive tract. In some parts of Europe it is taken as an infusion of herbs to alleviate liver problems &nbsp;<a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?author=A.+Szary+&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;title=Tajemnice+Bieszczadzkich+Ro%C5%9Blin+Wczoraj+i+dzi%C5%9B." target="_blank" data-ref="Sorry..." rel="noopener">[ref. 2]</a>&nbsp; </li></ol>

How-does-snake-milk-work?

How does snake milk work?

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An interesting assumption is that chemicals in Chelidonium majus can slow the growth of cancer cells, but can also be harmful to normal cells. Preliminary research has shown that a larger amount of snake milk can increase the flow of bile. There is also evidence of suspected painkiller properties of snake milk.

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People use snake milk for digestive tract problems, liver and gallbladder disorders. Other possible areas of application include detoxification, relief of menstrual cramps, cough, chest pain (angina) and more. Despite the widespread use in folk medicine and in official phytotherapy, both in Europe and in traditional Chinese medicine, snake milk does not join the most popular herbal remedies such as chamomile, valerian, St. John's wort or ginseng. It is listed in pharmacopoeia and is available in pharmacies, but scientific evidence of the positive effects of Chelidonium majus is still limited.&nbsp;

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For therapeutic purposes, dried herb of C. majus (European Pharmacopoeia) is used. In some regions (Central and Eastern Europe), the roots are also exploited.&nbsp;

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The pharmacologically significant substances of C. majus are isoquinolin alkaloids. These are the components of latex produced in all parts of plants, except colors. Overall, five groups of alkaloids were found in C. majus. These are the derivatives of phenanthridine (3,4-benzoisoquinolin), protoberberin, protopine, quinolysidine, aporfin.&nbsp;

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Several flavonoids were found in the above-ground parts of C. majus in low quantities. Four diglycosides and five monoglycosides have been identified as derivatives of kempferol, ivercetin and isoramnetin. Organic acids, ingredients of essential oil, biogenic amines such as histamine, saponins, vitamins A, C, nicotinic acid are part of the other active compounds in snake milk.

Pharmacological-activities-and-clinical-evidence

Pharmacological activities and clinical evidence

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To date, the majority of the pharmacological properties of C. majus studied refer to the complex mixture or individual alkaloids contained in it. The various pharmacological actions of Coptisine, one of the main ingredients of C. majus, as well as smaller amounts of berberine, are widely described in the literature, but usually as compounds derived from other sources, such as Coptis (Ranunculaceae). &nbsp;<a href="https://www.herbal-organic.com/bg/herb/14790" target="_blank" data-ref="Coptis" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

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From the growing evidence obtained both in vitro and in vivo, with several examples of ex vivo studies on isolated organs, it is clear that four types of medicinal properties predominate: antimicrobial and antiviral, liver and gastric, anti-inflammatory and finally anticancer:

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<ul><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antibacterial and antifungal - Antimicrobial activity of C. majus is attributed mostly to alkaloids and flavonoids, which have an inhibitory effect against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella gallinarum and other bacteria. Extracts of the plant have been tested for the antifungal effect against a large number of pathogenic fungi for humans and plants, that is. Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Candida sp. Cladosporium herbarum and others. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874102001435" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 4]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiviral action - Glucosamine glycan present in latex inhibits intracellular human immunodeficiency virus of HIV viral migration and blocks reverse transcriptase. In&nbsp; addition, individually tested five alkaloids of C. majus: helidonin, helleritrine, sanquinarine, coptizine and berberine, are able to inhibit the development of HIV-1. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166354206000751" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 5]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiparasitic properties - Extracts of herbs and water from roots, as well as sangvinarine (2&ndash;4 &mu;g/ml), are highly effective in the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Liver and bile ducts - One of the most common and repeatedly mentioned indications for C. majus, both in European/Mediterranean and East Asian traditional medicine, is for various liver complaints. Some of the hepatoprotective and biliary activities could be explained by the presence of esters of hydroxycanelene (caffeinic) acid. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2015.00303/full" target="_blank" data-ref="Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step" rel="noopener">[Ref. 6]</a>&nbsp; More and more in-depth research is needed on the action of snake milk to support liver and bile function.&nbsp;</li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Antiproliferative, proapoptotic and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines - Unlike hepatoprotective properties, this type of properties are quite well documented in a large number of studies. Most of all, it is assumed that some of the main alkaloids may cause cell death or stop the proliferation of cancer cells. This is based on the ability of berberine, helleritrine, sangvinarine and other alkaloids in the plant. &nbsp;<a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887233307002421" target="_blank" data-ref="Redirecting" rel="noopener">[Ref. 7]</a>&nbsp; </li><li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action - The ability to inhibit inflammation or, in some cases, to stimulate the immune response and mitigate excessive reactivity, can contribute to postulated anticancer properties and improve the symptoms of stomach disorders. Common extracts or isolated alkaloids have been tested, but scientists say there are other components, such as hydroxycanel derivatives, flavonoids and helidonic acid, presumably with a significant contribution. </li></ul>

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Toxicity-and-safety-problems

Toxicity and safety problems

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Given that one of the main spheres of application of the plant is for disorders of the liver and bile ducts, it should emphasize its toxicity in higher doses. Many messages from the 1990s have been documented in humans. The main symptoms include cholestasis and mild to severe liver damage with a fairly well-documented causal relationship in most cases. In total, more than 50 such cases have been reported from Europe, mainly from Germany.&nbsp;

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However, no particular ingredient is directly related to the toxicity of the herb. On the contrary, it is assumed that drug interactions, not intrinsic toxicity, are responsible for the reported cases. In addition, individual hypersensitivity or allergy of a person to a compound should be considered.

A lot of effort has been made to recognize the bioactive compounds contained in C. majus extracts and the mechanisms of their action. Numerous reports have been published about its effectiveness in the treatment of various medical complaints, such as gastrointestinal and liver disorders or skin diseases caused by microbial or viral infection. In addition to the huge number of scientific reports indicating the beneficial effect of snake milk, there is also information about its potential toxic properties. Official recommendations do not exclude the use of C. majus as a traditional herbal medicinal product. Further studies on the mechanisms of action and its areas of usefulness should therefore be carried out.

Snake Milk (Chelidonium majus) - A Plant with Beautiful Colors and Benefits for the Digestive Tract

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Snake Milk (Chelidonium majus) - A Plant with Beautiful Colors and Ben

Бетина Цветкова

Sleepy-poppy-(Papaver-somniferum)

Sleepy poppy (Papaver somniferum) 

Sleepy-poppy-(Papaver-somniferum)_0_0

The sleeping poppy is mostly known due to the opium that is extracted from it. That's why it's often called opium poppy. It is a herbaceous one-year-old plant that reaches a height of about 1 meter. It is believed that the motherland of the sleeping poppy is the Eastern Mediterranean, but nowadays it is widespread in almost all of Europe and Asia. The stem of the plant is grayish - greenish, covered with hard lint. The leaves in the lower part of the stem are large and on separate lobes, and at the top are smaller, enveloping the stem. The colors are relatively large - white or red. The fruit is a box in which the amount of biologically active substances of maca - alkaloids, are at their highest content. They are contained in milk juice called latex, which leaks by making cuts of fruit cans. The withered milk juice is squeezed and alkaloids are extracted from it, the main of which is morphine, known to everyone. Its use is large and subject to strict control. Morphine remains an indispensable opioid analgesic that acts at the central level - it binds to specific receptors in the brain, as a result of which it causes a number of effects on the body. In addition to analgesic action, alkaloid also has a sleepy effect, hence the name of the maca. Morphine is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a feedstock to obtain other substances with pharmacological effects. For alkaloids extracted from opium, the information is extensive, but the focus of this topic is poppy seeds.

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Poppy-seeds-are-rich-in-nutrients

Poppy seeds are rich in nutrients 

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Seeds of the sleeping poppy contain important trace elements, vitamins, minerals, fiber, vegetable fats and in a smaller amount of protein. Fiber stimulates motor skills of the intestine, the thus improving digestion and condition in constipation. Of the trace elements the highest is the content of manganese and copper, which are involved in important physiological and biochemical processes in the body. They also contain zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, calcium. Poppy oil, which is obtained most often by cold pressing of seeds, is rich in omega acids ( omega-6 , omega-9 and in a smaller amount of omega-3). They contribute to maintaining cholesterol in norms and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Antioxidant-action-of-poppy-seeds

Antioxidant action of poppy seeds 

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Poppy seeds are rich in polyphenols - biologically active substances that are some of the most common and known antioxidants. Their action is expressed in the destruction of free radicals, which are harmful to the body. This prevents the occurrence of oxidative stress in the body, which would lead to the unlocking of certain diseases, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651847/" target="_blank" data-ref="Page not available" rel="noopener">such as cardiovascular or tumour.</a>&nbsp;[ref. 1]&nbsp;

Poppy-oil-improves-skin-condition

Poppy oil improves skin condition 

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&nbsp;The mono- and polyunsaturated fats contained in poppy oil bring benefits to the body both externally and internally. As already mentioned, omega fatty acids reduce the risk of heart attack and other heart disease, but poppy oil intake should be moderate. Studies show that the oil applied to the skin has a beneficial effect - it helps heal wounds and prevents the occurrence of scaly lesions on the skin. More evidence of these effects is needed. &nbsp;<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796020/" target="_blank" data-ref="Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Barrier Repair Effects of Topical Application of Some Plant Oils" rel="noopener">[Ref. 2]</a>&nbsp;

Consumption-and-safety-of-poppy-seeds-and-poppy-oil

Consumption and safety of poppy seeds and poppy oil 

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The sleeping poppy is poisonous except for seeds that are edible and useful in small quantities. However, it is important to buy poppy seeds from checked locations in order to avoid the consumption of seeds that may be contaminated during harvesting or from pests that turn out to be poisonous (contaminated with alkaloids). Before use, they must be washed and should not be used in large quantities. There is no set dose for daily intake of poppy seed, but the amount in the baked or in dishes is enough.

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In general, the intake of poppy seeds and poppy oil is safe, but hypersensitivity reactions (allergy, anaphylactic shock) may occur. In this case, medical attention should be sought. The application of oil to the skin is also well tolerable, but if a rash, itching or redness occurs, it should be discontinued.

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Interestingly, after consuming poppy seeds, an opium drug test can positive. Up to 48 hours after the use of the seeds, morphine and codeine can be found in the urine. &nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12587685/" target="_blank" data-ref="Urinary concentrations of morphine and codeine after consumption of poppy seeds - PubMed" rel="noopener">[ref. 3]</a>&nbsp;

&nbsp; We already know that if we prepare muffins or tortillas with poppy seeds, besides tastier, they will be more useful. It is important to be careful when buying the seeds, and wash them well before use. &nbsp;

Benefits of Poppy Seed Consumption

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Елена Коцева

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Author: Sylvia Marinova, PhD student in in the "Genomic Stability" lab at BAS

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Do you think about your next meal all the time? Or about drinking anything other than water? Or what to wear for this long-awaited date, so you can't tell how swollen your belly is... again? &nbsp; Moreover, bloating, heaviness, pain, diarrhea or constipation are an integral part of most of ypu days?

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If most of your answers to the above questions are positive, then it is very possible that you suffer from the so-called Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a chronic functional condition characterized by abdominal pain and impaired intestinal habits, but also a lack of structural and biochemical changes that can be <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/worldwide_prevalence_and_burden_of_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_results_of_rome_foundation_global_study_32294476" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a>diagnosed.&nbsp;A study published this year found that more than 40% of respondents from 33 countries reported suffering from some functional disorder of the digestive system <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/worldwide_prevalence_and_burden_of_functional_gastrointestinal_disorders_results_of_rome_foundation_global_study_32294476" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.1</a>].

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Symptoms characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome lead to a significant decrease in the quality of life of patients. Usually, alleviating the condition requires a strict diet that includes avoiding a large amount of foods and beverages causing acute reaction and abdominal discomfort.&nbsp;Medications that reduce the discomfort can also be taken, but they do not have a healing effect, which makes them an insufficiently good solution in the long run.

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What-causes-the-pain-in-IBS-patients?

What causes the pain in IBS patients?

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Another approach to the condition is to reduce stress and lead a calmer lifestyle.&nbsp;It turns out that our intestines are covered with over 100 million nerve cells that create a direct connection between them and our brain. That is why our emotions directly affect how our stomach feels.

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Read more in the <a href="../p/chrievniiat_mikrobiom_i_nashieto_zdravie_62aa84cd_b51a_41ac_a714_087565dd2382" target="_blank" rel="noopener">&nbsp;The intestinal microbiome and our health.</a>

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This connection is also directly related to irritable bowel syndrome and abdominal pain, which is one of its most important symptoms. From a scientific point of view, it is defined as visceral hypersensitivity - a term meaning altered perception of normally occurring physiological processes <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/The_Role_of_Visceral_Hypersensitivity_in_Irritable_Bowel_Syndrome_Pharmacological_Targets_and_Novel_Treatments_27431236" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.2]</a>. The reason for this hypersensitivity caused by the intake of certain foods is the main question in the work of Gay Boeckxstaens, a gastroenterologist at the Catholic University of Leuven. The study led by him is published in the journal Nature earlier this year is the the subject of this article&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03118-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.3]</a>.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?

Local immune response - a possible cause of IBS?

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Many patients with IBS feel that they are allergic to certain foods and are doing expensive blood tests to find out which.&nbsp;Often, however, the results are negative. Here comes the new concept proposed by scientists from the Bokstens team - a specific allergic reaction localized in the gut.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_1

The first prerequisites for this assumption appeared fifteen years ago in a study conducted at the Italian University of Bologna <a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Mast_cell_dependent_excitation_of_visceral_nociceptive_sensory_neurons_in_irritable_bowel_syndrome_17241857" target="_blank" rel="noopener">[ref.4]</a>.&nbsp;Researchers have noticed that the immune system behaves differently in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In particular, in biopsies of their gut, they found a large number of activated specific cells of the immune system called mast cells. The function of these cells is usually associated with the invasion of external pathogens such as bacteria, parasites or viruses and is expressed in the release of substances that counteract them. What is special in this case is that the patients who were examined did not have an active infection, but nevertheless many activated mast cells were found in their intestines. What is even more interesting is that they are located near the nerve cells in the gut and cause them to fire. The biggest unanswered question that these results raise is what causes mast cells to become active?

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_2

This question intrigued Boeckxstaens and his team and they presented a completely new and unexpected idea. Their suggestion is that an intestinal infection could confuse the immune system in such a way that while it is fighting the pathogen, it can perceive some of the substances taken with food at that time as foreign and remember them as such. This could explain why, even when the infection subsides, the pain and cramps continue to occur with food intake and become chronic.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_3

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_4

To test their hypothesis, the researchers infected mice with pathogenic bacteria, and some of them, while the infection lasted, gave them a protein called avalbumin, which can be found in abundance in egg whites. The other half of the mice did not take ovalbumin. After clearing the infection, the mice were again given the same substance. Interestingly, those who took it during infection exhibited signs of abdominal pain. In contrast, other mice did not develop such symptoms.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_5

Further in the study, the researchers showed that after infection, ovalbumin triggers an allergy-like reaction, and that it is due to overactivation of mast cells and, accordingly, nerve cells firing - that can be perceived as pain by the body. We should emphasize that this reaction has one significant difference with typical food allergies - it remains localized in the gut and cannot be detected by blood tests looking for its signs in the blood.

Local-immune-response---a-possible-cause-of-IBS?_1_6

This study introduces a new and revolutionary idea of the root causes that lead to IBS. It also raises questions that seek their answers. One is whether such an immune reaction is at the heart of all types of IBS?&nbsp;The subject of the present work of the Boeckxstaens group is trying to answer whether stress alone could cause such an immune reaction.

A Local Immune Reaction May Cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome

https://d20hztklr4qnvi.cloudfront.net/2d307be6-de63-4c00-982e-a5b7c42a60f1_middle.jpg

 A Local Immune Reaction May Cause Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Силвия Маринова

Author: Rositsa Tashkova, Master of Molecular Biology and Microbiology

The broadleaf plantain (Plantago major) is best known for its ability to accelerate wound healing. It's also called white man's foot or greater plantain. The plant is widespread in Europe, Asia and America and is often found in gardens and other urban grasslands.

The plantain is not distinguished by bright colors or large size, but despite its modest appearance, it hides a great healing potential, which extends beyond the treatment of wounds.

Some of the properties attributed to it by folk medicine have been confirmed by recent research, including:

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">wound healing,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">antipyretic action (to lower fever),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">cough suppression (antitussive),</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">against infections,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-haemorrhagic and haemostatic action,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">anti-inflammatory,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">diuretic,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">laxative,</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">astringent.</li>
</ul>

_-1_6

In this article you will learn more about the traditional use of plantain in Iranian traditional medicine, as well as the modern evidence of its healing properties. The information is taken from the article Plantago major in Traditional Persian Medicine and modern phytotherapy: a narrative review, 2018, Electronic physician [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Plantago_major_in_Traditional_Persian_Medicine_and_modern_phytotherapy_a_narrative_review_29629064" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.1</a>].

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine

Plantain Use According to Iranian Folk Medicine

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_0

The use of plantain for the treatment of various diseases dates back thousands of years. The earliest known account of the plantain is in "De materia medica", which was written by the Greek pharmaco-botanist Dioscurid in the 1st century (40-90 A.D.). The book is an encyclopedia of herbal treatment and pharmacopoeia from around the world.

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_1

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_2

Plantain finds the following applications in Iranian folk medicine:

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_3

<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In neurological diseases such <a href="/p/iepiliepsiiata_koi_liechiebni_rastieniia_sa_izpolzvani_v_drievna_piersiia_d697132f_9082_456b_ac3a_9019ffa4be12" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">epilepsy</a> or ear pain;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In diseases of the eyes;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Against inflammation in the oral cavity and toothache (gargling and rinsing);</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In lung diseases such as asthma and tuberculosis;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">With gastrointestinal problems - bleeding, <a href="/p/profilaktika_klasichiesko_i_bilkovo_liechieniie_na_khiemoroidi_9e58f268_e51f_460a_8c66_6158a6575aac" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">hemorrhoids</a>, stomach ache, <a href="/p/7_bilki_koito_obliekchavat_loshoto_khranosmilanie_i_dispiepsiiata_60bc6c30_0949_4ed7_933c_460f9104d318" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">dyspepsia</a>, constipation;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In <a href="/p/chierniiat_drob_nie_boli_koi_bilki_podobriavat_zdravieto_mu_pri_khiepatit_stieatoza_i_tsiroza_ed55df70_c2be_430d_93f0_29a2aece49ff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">liver</a> and bile disease;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">In urogenital infections and pain in <a href="/p/kamni_v_bbrietsitie_koi_bilki_priechat_na_obrazuvanieto_im_i_kak_da_sie_khranim" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">the kidneys</a> and bladder;</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">For the treatment of various wounds and burns.</li>
</ul>

Plantain-Use-According-to-Iranian-Folk-Medicine_0_4

Many of these and other healing properties are also confirmed by modern medicine. You will learn about some of them in the following lines.

Broadleaf-Plantain-and-The-Immune-System

Broadleaf Plantain and The Immune System

Broadleaf-Plantain-and-The-Immune-System_1_0

In low concentrations, plantain possesses immunomodulatory activity, increases the number of lymphocytes and the secretion of interferon-γ, but at high concentrations this property can be suppressed.

Broadleaf-Plantain-and-The-Immune-System_1_1

Plantain tea can aid the immune system in leukemia and viral infections. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/In_vitro_cytotoxic_antiviral_and_immunomodulatory_effects_of_Plantago_major_and_Plantago_asiatica_12856861" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.2</a>]

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems

Plantain in Gastrointestinal Problems

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_0

The seeds of plantain secrete mucus substances that have a laxative and protective effect for the mucous membrane of the stomach. Seeds are recommended for inflammatory bowel diseases, e.g. ulcerative colitis.

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_1

On the other hand, leaf extract reduces the mobility of the duodenum and has astringent effect.

Plantain-in-Gastrointestinal-Problems_2_2

Plantain-in-Urticaria

Plantain in Urticaria

Plantain-in-Urticaria_3_0

Broadleaf plantain contains substances that suppress the production of prostaglandins, the movement of white blood cells and the release of histamine, and this is relevant for the suppression of urticaria.

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain

Antibacterial and Antiparasite Effects of Plantain

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain_4_0

Some types of plantain extracts have shown an effect against the Giardia parasite.

Antibacterial-and-Antiparasite-Effects-of-Plantain_4_1

Plantain extract in ethyl alcohol shows antibacterial activity against the bacteria E. coli and Bacillus cereus, and acetone extract is also effective against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plantain extract also has good effectiveness against <a href="../../eng/p/home_remedies_for_vaginal_candidiasis" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Candida albicans yeast</a>.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing

Plantain Helps Wound Healing

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_0

Broadleaf plantain is traditionally used to heal wounds. With tissue damage, whether from bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon, the body reacts with an inflammatory response, which is by its very nature a protective reaction. Inflammation is manifested by redness, fever, edema and pain in the affected tissue.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_1

Plantain contains polyphenols and in particular plantamajoside, which are considered the main significant compounds for wound healing. For this purpose, aqueous extract of plantain can be used.

Plantain-Helps-Wound-Healing_5_2

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain

Anti-cancer Properties of Plantain

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain_6_0

Various studies have shown that both spirit and water extracts of plantain possess the property to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines: melanoma (skin cancer), adenocarcinoma of the breast and kidney. [<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311913648_Evaluation_of_In_Vitro_Anticancer_Effect_of_Plantago_major_L_and_Plantago_lanceolata_L_Leaf_Extracts_from_Sivas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.3</a>]

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain_6_1

According to one of the studies, the greatest potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells have the seeds of broadleaf plantain, in particular on the following cancer cell lines: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549 and KB. They also suppress inflammatory cytokines tumornecortising factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).

Anti-cancer-Properties-of-Plantain_6_2

Extracts from the roots of the plant exhibit the same properties. However, the scientists who conducted this study offer the seeds of broadleaf plantain as a source of new drugs against oncological and inflammatory diseases. [<a href="https://www.bioseek.eu/en/eng/research/pubmed/Effects_of_Plantago_major_Extracts_and_Its_Chemical_Compounds_on_Proliferation_of_Cancer_Cells_and_Cytokines_Production_of_Lipopolysaccharide_activated_THP_1_Macrophages_28839362" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ref.4</a>]